我还认为外键在大多数数据库中是必要的。唯一的缺点(除了强制一致性带来的性能损失之外)是使用外键允许人们编写假定存在功能外键的代码。这绝不应该被允许。

例如，我看到有人编写了一些代码，将插入插入引用表中，然后尝试将插入插入引用表中，而不验证第一次插入是否成功。如果稍后删除外键，则会导致数据库不一致。

您也不能在更新或删除时假设特定的行为。无论是否存在外键，您仍然需要编写代码来执行您想要的操作。如果您假设删除是级联的，但实际上它们不是级联的，那么您的删除将失败。如果您假定对引用列的更新被传播到引用行，但实际上没有，那么您的更新将失败。出于编写代码的目的，最好不要使用这些特性。

如果打开了这些特性，那么您的代码无论如何都会模仿它们，并且会损失一些性能。

所以，总结....如果需要一致的数据库，外键是必不可少的。在您编写的代码中，永远不应假定外键存在或起作用。

我一直认为不用它们是懒惰的表现。我被教导应该一直这样做。但后来，我没有听乔尔的讨论。他也许有充分的理由，我不知道。

跨应用程序生命周期的可维护性和稳定性如何?大多数数据的生命周期都比使用它的应用程序长。关系和数据完整性非常重要，不能寄希望于下一个开发团队在应用程序代码中做出正确的处理。如果您没有使用过不尊重自然关系的脏数据的db，那么您将会使用。数据完整性的重要性将变得非常清楚。

对我来说，如果您想要遵循ACID标准，那么拥有外键以确保引用完整性是至关重要的。

在DB2中，如果使用mqt(物化查询表)，优化器需要外键约束才能为任何给定的查询选择正确的计划。由于元数据包含基数信息，优化器会大量使用元数据来决定是否使用MQT。

Wowowo... Answers everywhere. Actually this is the most complicated topic I have ever encountered. I use FKs when they are needed but on production environment I rarely use them. Here is my whys I rarely use the Fks: 1. Most of the time I am dealing with huge data on small server to improve performance I need to remove the FKs. Because when you have FKs and you do Create, Update or Delete the RDBMS first check if there no constraint violation and if you have huge DB that could be something fatal 2. Sometimes I need to import data from others places and because I am not too sure of how well structured they are, I simply drop the FKs. 3. In case you are dealing with multiple DBs and having reference key in an other DB will not go well(as for now) until you remove the FKs (cross database relations) 4. They was also a case when you write an application which will seat on whatever RDBMS or you want your DB to be exported and imported in any RDBMS system in this case each specific RDBMS system has his own way of dealing with FKs and you will probably be obliged to drop the use of FKs. 5. If you user RDBMS platform (ORMs) you know that some of them offer their own mapping depending on the solution and technicality their offer and you don't care about creating the tables and their FKs. 6. Before the last point will be knowledge to deal with DB that has FKs and the knowledge to write an application that does all the Job without the need of FK 7. Lastly as I started saying it all depend on your scenario, in case knowledge is not a barrier. You will always want to run the best of the best you can get!

谢谢大家!