我对这个问题反应迟钝，但这似乎是一个有趣的练习。我使用numpy，这可能是作弊，我怀疑这个方法是最快的，但它应该是清楚的。它筛选一个仅引用其下标的布尔数组，并从所有True值的下标中引出质数。不需要取模。

import numpy as np
def ajs_primes3a(upto):
    mat = np.ones((upto), dtype=bool)
    mat[0] = False
    mat[1] = False
    mat[4::2] = False
    for idx in range(3, int(upto ** 0.5)+1, 2):
        mat[idx*2::idx] = False
    return np.where(mat == True)[0]

对于足够大的N，真正最快的解决方案是下载一个预先计算的质数列表，将其存储为元组，并执行如下操作:

for pos,i in enumerate(primes):
    if i > N:
        print primes[:pos]

如果只有N >个质数[-1]，则计算更多的质数并将新列表保存在代码中，以便下次同样快。

要跳出思维定势。

到目前为止，我尝试过的最快的方法是基于Python烹饪书erat2函数:

import itertools as it
def erat2a( ):
    D = {  }
    yield 2
    for q in it.islice(it.count(3), 0, None, 2):
        p = D.pop(q, None)
        if p is None:
            D[q*q] = q
            yield q
        else:
            x = q + 2*p
            while x in D:
                x += 2*p
            D[x] = p

关于加速的解释，请看下面的答案。

你有一个更快的代码和最简单的代码生成质数。 但对于更大的数字，当n=10000, 10000000时，它不起作用，可能是。pop()方法失败了

考虑:N是质数吗?

case 1: You got some factors of N, for i in range(2, N): If N is prime loop is performed for ~(N-2) times. else less number of times case 2: for i in range(2, int(math.sqrt(N)): Loop is performed for almost ~(sqrt(N)-2) times if N is prime else will break somewhere case 3: Better We Divide N With Only number of primes<=sqrt(N) Where loop is performed for only π(sqrt(N)) times π(sqrt(N)) << sqrt(N) as N increases from math import sqrt from time import * prime_list = [2] n = int(input()) s = time() for n0 in range(2,n+1): for i0 in prime_list: if n0%i0==0: break elif i0>=int(sqrt(n0)): prime_list.append(n0) break e = time() print(e-s) #print(prime_list); print(f'pi({n})={len(prime_list)}') print(f'{n}: {len(prime_list)}, time: {e-s}') Output 100: 25, time: 0.00010275840759277344 1000: 168, time: 0.0008606910705566406 10000: 1229, time: 0.015588521957397461 100000: 9592, time: 0.023436546325683594 1000000: 78498, time: 4.1965954303741455 10000000: 664579, time: 109.24591708183289 100000000: 5761455, time: 2289.130858898163

小于1000似乎很慢，但小于10^6我认为更快。

然而，我无法理解时间的复杂性。

对于最快的代码，numpy解决方案是最好的。不过，出于纯粹的学术原因，我发布了我的纯python版本，它比上面发布的食谱版本快不到50%。由于我将整个列表放在内存中，所以需要足够的空间来容纳所有内容，但它的可伸缩性似乎相当好。

def daniel_sieve_2(maxNumber):
    """
    Given a number, returns all numbers less than or equal to
    that number which are prime.
    """
    allNumbers = range(3, maxNumber+1, 2)
    for mIndex, number in enumerate(xrange(3, maxNumber+1, 2)):
        if allNumbers[mIndex] == 0:
            continue
        # now set all multiples to 0
        for index in xrange(mIndex+number, (maxNumber-3)/2+1, number):
            allNumbers[index] = 0
    return [2] + filter(lambda n: n!=0, allNumbers)

结果是:

>>>mine = timeit.Timer("daniel_sieve_2(1000000)",
...                    "from sieves import daniel_sieve_2")
>>>prev = timeit.Timer("get_primes_erat(1000000)",
...                    "from sieves import get_primes_erat")
>>>print "Mine: {0:0.4f} ms".format(min(mine.repeat(3, 1))*1000)
Mine: 428.9446 ms
>>>print "Previous Best {0:0.4f} ms".format(min(prev.repeat(3, 1))*1000)
Previous Best 621.3581 ms

随着时间的推移，我收集了几个质数筛子。我电脑上最快的是这样的:

from time import time
# 175 ms for all the primes up to the value 10**6
def primes_sieve(limit):
    a = [True] * limit
    a[0] = a[1] = False
    #a[2] = True
    for n in xrange(4, limit, 2):
        a[n] = False
    root_limit = int(limit**.5)+1
    for i in xrange(3,root_limit):
        if a[i]:
            for n in xrange(i*i, limit, 2*i):
                a[n] = False
    return a

LIMIT = 10**6
s=time()
primes = primes_sieve(LIMIT)
print time()-s