这个解决方案是用PHP编写的，但是应该很容易适应其他语言。

原始的.htaccess正则表达式可能会导致json-1.3.js等文件出现问题。解决方案是只有在结尾恰好有10位数字时才重写。(因为10位数字涵盖了从2001年9月9日到2286年11月20日的所有时间戳。)

首先，我们在.htaccess中使用下面的重写规则:

RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule ^(.*)\.[\d]{10}\.(css|js)$ $1.$2 [L]

现在，我们编写以下PHP函数:

/**
 *  Given a file, i.e. /css/base.css, replaces it with a string containing the
 *  file's mtime, i.e. /css/base.1221534296.css.
 *
 *  @param $file  The file to be loaded.  Must be an absolute path (i.e.
 *                starting with slash).
 */
function auto_version($file)
{
  if(strpos($file, '/') !== 0 || !file_exists($_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . $file))
    return $file;

  $mtime = filemtime($_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . $file);
  return preg_replace('{\\.([^./]+)$}', ".$mtime.\$1", $file);
}

现在，无论你在哪里包含你的CSS，从下面更改它:

<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/base.css" type="text/css" />

:

<link rel="stylesheet" href="<?php echo auto_version('/css/base.css'); ?>" type="text/css" />

这样，您就不必再次修改链接标签，用户将始终看到最新的CSS。浏览器将能够缓存CSS文件，但当您对CSS进行任何更改时，浏览器将看到这是一个新的URL，因此它不会使用缓存的副本。

这也适用于图像、favicons和JavaScript。基本上任何不是动态生成的东西。

我这样做的方法是简单地有链接元素到服务器端包含:

<!--#include virtual="/includes/css-element.txt"-->

css-element.txt的内容在哪里

<link rel="stylesheet" href="mycss.css"/>

如果你想链接到my-new-css。css，你只需要改变include。

我最近用Python解决了这个问题。下面是代码(它应该很容易被其他语言采用):

def import_tag(pattern, name, **kw):
    if name[0] == "/":
        name = name[1:]
    # Additional HTML attributes
    attrs = ' '.join(['%s="%s"' % item for item in kw.items()])
    try:
        # Get the files modification time
        mtime = os.stat(os.path.join('/documentroot', name)).st_mtime
        include = "%s?%d" % (name, mtime)
        # This is the same as sprintf(pattern, attrs, include) in other
        # languages
        return pattern % (attrs, include)
    except:
        # In case of error return the include without the added query
        # parameter.
        return pattern % (attrs, name)

def script(name, **kw):
    return import_tag('<script %s src="/%s"></script>', name, **kw)

def stylesheet(name, **kw):
    return import_tag('<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" %s href="/%s">', name, **kw)

这段代码基本上是将文件时间戳作为查询参数附加到URL。下面函数的调用

script("/main.css")

会导致

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"  href="/main.css?1221842734">

当然，这样做的好处是您不必再次更改HTML内容，因为更改CSS文件将自动触发缓存失效。它工作得很好，开销也不明显。

我在为我的SPA寻找解决方案时遇到了这个问题，它只有一个列出所有必要文件的index.html文件。虽然我得到了一些帮助我的线索，但我找不到一个快速而简单的解决方案。

最后，我编写了一个快速页面(包括所有代码)来自动版本HTML/JavaScript index.html文件，作为发布过程的一部分。它工作完美，只更新新文件根据日期最后修改。

你可以在Autoversion your SPA index.html上看到我的文章。还有一个独立的Windows应用程序。

代码的核心是:

private void ParseIndex(string inFile, string addPath, string outFile)
{
    string path = Path.GetDirectoryName(inFile);
    HtmlAgilityPack.HtmlDocument document = new HtmlAgilityPack.HtmlDocument();
    document.Load(inFile);

    foreach (HtmlNode link in document.DocumentNode.Descendants("script"))
    {
        if (link.Attributes["src"]!=null)
        {
            resetQueryString(path, addPath, link, "src");
        }
    }

    foreach (HtmlNode link in document.DocumentNode.Descendants("link"))
    {
        if (link.Attributes["href"] != null && link.Attributes["type"] != null)
        {
            if (link.Attributes["type"].Value == "text/css" || link.Attributes["type"].Value == "text/html")
            {
                resetQueryString(path, addPath, link, "href");
            }
        }
    }

    document.Save(outFile);
    MessageBox.Show("Your file has been processed.", "Autoversion complete");
}

private void resetQueryString(string path, string addPath, HtmlNode link, string attrType)
{
    string currFileName = link.Attributes[attrType].Value;

    string uripath = currFileName;
    if (currFileName.Contains('?'))
        uripath = currFileName.Substring(0, currFileName.IndexOf('?'));
    string baseFile = Path.Combine(path, uripath);
    if (!File.Exists(baseFile))
        baseFile = Path.Combine(addPath, uripath);
    if (!File.Exists(baseFile))
        return;
    DateTime lastModified = System.IO.File.GetLastWriteTime(baseFile);
    link.Attributes[attrType].Value = uripath + "?v=" + lastModified.ToString("yyyyMMddhhmm");
}

仅在纯JavaScript的本地开发中禁用script.js的缓存。

它会注入一个随机的script.js?Wizardry =1231234并阻塞常规script.js:

<script type="text/javascript">
  if(document.location.href.indexOf('localhost') !== -1) {
    const scr = document.createElement('script');
    document.setAttribute('type', 'text/javascript');
    document.setAttribute('src', 'scripts.js' + '?wizardry=' + Math.random());
    document.head.appendChild(scr);
    document.write('<script type="application/x-suppress">'); // prevent next script(from other SO answer)
  }
</script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="scripts.js">

感谢Kip的完美解决方案!

我对它进行了扩展，将其用作Zend_view_Helper。因为我的客户端在虚拟主机上运行他的页面，我也为此扩展了它。

/**
 * Extend filepath with timestamp to force browser to
 * automatically refresh them if they are updated
 *
 * This is based on Kip's version, but now
 * also works on virtual hosts
 * @link http://stackoverflow.com/questions/118884/what-is-an-elegant-way-to-force-browsers-to-reload-cached-css-js-files
 *
 * Usage:
 * - extend your .htaccess file with
 * # Route for My_View_Helper_AutoRefreshRewriter
 * # which extends files with there timestamp so if these
 * # are updated a automatic refresh should occur
 * # RewriteRule ^(.*)\.[^.][\d]+\.(css|js)$ $1.$2 [L]
 * - then use it in your view script like
 * $this->headLink()->appendStylesheet( $this->autoRefreshRewriter($this->cssPath . 'default.css'));
 *
 */
class My_View_Helper_AutoRefreshRewriter extends Zend_View_Helper_Abstract {

    public function autoRefreshRewriter($filePath) {

        if (strpos($filePath, '/') !== 0) {

            // Path has no leading '/'
            return $filePath;
        } elseif (file_exists($_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . $filePath)) {

            // File exists under normal path
            // so build path based on this
            $mtime = filemtime($_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . $filePath);
            return preg_replace('{\\.([^./]+)$}', ".$mtime.\$1", $filePath);
        } else {

            // Fetch directory of index.php file (file from all others are included)
            // and get only the directory
            $indexFilePath = dirname(current(get_included_files()));

            // Check if file exist relativ to index file
            if (file_exists($indexFilePath . $filePath)) {

                // Get timestamp based on this relativ path
                $mtime = filemtime($indexFilePath . $filePath);

                // Write generated timestamp to path
                // but use old path not the relativ one
                return preg_replace('{\\.([^./]+)$}', ".$mtime.\$1", $filePath);
            } else {
                return $filePath;
            }
        }
    }
}