我是Java编程的新手,试图掌握OOP的诀窍。
所以我创建了这个抽象类:
public abstract class Vehicle{....}
和2个子类:
public class Car extends Vehicle{....}
public class Boat extends Vehicle{....}
Car和Boat还拥有一些不常见的独特字段和方法(没有相同的名称,所以我无法在Vehicle中为它们定义抽象方法)。
现在在mainClass中我已经设置了我的新车库:
Vehicle[] myGarage= new Vehicle[10];
myGarage[0]=new Car(2,true);
myGarage[1]=new Boat(4,600);
我对多态性非常满意,直到我尝试访问Car特有的一个字段,例如:
boolean carIsAutomatic = myGarage[0].auto;
编译器不接受。我使用类型转换解决了这个问题:
boolean carIsAutomatic = ((Car)myGarage[0]).auto;
工作……但它对方法没有帮助,只对字段有帮助。意思是我做不到
(Car)myGarage[0].doSomeCarStuff();
我的问题是,我的车库里到底有什么?我试图获得直觉,并理解“幕后”发生了什么。
为了方便以后的读者,以下是对答案的简要总结:
Yes, there's a Car in myGarage[]
Being a static typed language, the Java compiler will not lend access to methods/fields that are non-"Vehicle", if accessing those through a data structure based on the Vehicle super class( such as Vehicle myGarage[])
As for how to solve, there are 2 main approaches below:
Use type casting, which will ease the compiler's concerns and leave any errors in the design to run time
The fact that I need casting says the design is flawed. If I need access to non-Vehicle capabilities then I shouldn't be storing the Cars and Boats in a Vehicle based data structure. Either make all those capabilities belong to Vehicle, or use more specific (derived) type based structures
In many cases, composition and/or interfaces would be a better alternative to inheritance. Probably the subject of my next question...
Plus many other good insights down there, if one does have the time to browse through the answers.
我真的只是汇集了其他人的想法(我不是Java的人,所以这是伪的而不是实际的),但是,在这个人为的例子中,我将把我的汽车检查方法抽象为一个专门的类,它只知道汽车,只关心查看车库时的汽车:
abstract class Vehicle {
public abstract string getDescription() ;
}
class Transmission {
public Transmission(bool isAutomatic) {
this.isAutomatic = isAutomatic;
}
private bool isAutomatic;
public bool getIsAutomatic() { return isAutomatic; }
}
class Car extends Vehicle {
@Override
public string getDescription() {
return "a car";
}
private Transmission transmission;
public Transmission getTransmission() {
return transmission;
}
}
class Boat extends Vehicle {
@Override
public string getDescription() {
return "a boat";
}
}
public enum InspectionBoolean {
FALSE, TRUE, UNSUPPORTED
}
public class CarInspector {
public bool isCar(Vehicle v) {
return (v instanceof Car);
}
public bool isAutomatic(Car car) {
Transmission t = car.getTransmission();
return t.getIsAutomatic();
}
public bool isAutomatic(Vehicle vehicle) {
if (!isCar(vehicle)) throw new UnsupportedVehicleException();
return isAutomatic((Car)vehicle);
}
public InspectionBoolean isAutomatic(Vehicle[] garage, int bay) {
if (!isCar(garage[bay])) return InspectionBoolean.UNSUPPORTED;
return isAutomatic(garage[bay])
? InspectionBoolean.TRUE
: InspectionBoolean.FALSE;
}
}
重点是,当你问汽车的传动装置时你已经决定只关心汽车了。所以只要问问CarInspector就行了。多亏了三状态枚举,你现在可以知道它是自动的,甚至它不是一辆车。
当然,你需要为你关心的每辆车使用不同的vehicleinspector。你已经把哪个VehicleInspector实例化的问题推到了链上。
因此,您可能想要查看接口。
抽象getTransmission到接口(例如hastrtransmission)。这样,你就可以检查车辆是否有变速器,或者写一个TransmissionInspector:
abstract class Vehicle { }
class Transmission {
public Transmission(bool isAutomatic) {
this.isAutomatic = isAutomatic;
}
private bool isAutomatic;
public bool getIsAutomatic() { return isAutomatic; }
}
interface HasTransmission {
Transmission getTransmission();
}
class Car extends Vehicle, HasTransmission {
private Transmission transmission;
@Override
public Transmission getTransmission() {
return transmission;
}
}
class Bus extends Vehicle, HasTransmission {
private Transmission transmission;
@Override
public Transmission getTransmission() {
return transmission;
}
}
class Boat extends Vehicle { }
enum InspectionBoolean {
FALSE, TRUE, UNSUPPORTED
}
class TransmissionInspector {
public bool hasTransmission(Vehicle v) {
return (v instanceof HasTransmission);
}
public bool isAutomatic(HasTransmission h) {
Transmission t = h.getTransmission();
return t.getIsAutomatic();
}
public bool isAutomatic(Vehicle v) {
if (!hasTranmission(v)) throw new UnsupportedVehicleException();
return isAutomatic((HasTransmission)v);
}
public InspectionBoolean isAutomatic(Vehicle[] garage, int bay) {
if (!hasTranmission(garage[bay])) return InspectionBoolean.UNSUPPORTED;
return isAutomatic(garage[bay])
? InspectionBoolean.TRUE
: InspectionBoolean.FALSE;
}
}
现在你说,你只关心变速器,而不考虑车辆,所以可以问变速器检查员。TransmissionInspector可以检查公共汽车和汽车,但它只能询问有关变速器的信息。
现在,您可能认为布尔值并不是您所关心的全部。在这一点上,你可能更喜欢使用泛型的Supported类型,它同时暴露了受支持的状态和值:
class Supported<T> {
private bool supported = false;
private T value;
public Supported() { }
public Supported(T value) {
this.isSupported = true;
this.value = value;
}
public bool isSupported() { return supported; }
public T getValue() {
if (!supported) throw new NotSupportedException();
return value;
}
}
现在你的检查器可能被定义为:
class TransmissionInspector {
public Supported<bool> isAutomatic(Vehicle[] garage, int bay) {
if (!hasTranmission(garage[bay])) return new Supported<bool>();
return new Supported<bool>(isAutomatic(garage[bay]));
}
public Supported<int> getGearCount(Vehicle[] garage, int bay) {
if (!hasTranmission(garage[bay])) return new Supported<int>();
return new Supported<int>(getGearCount(garage[bay]));
}
}
正如我说过的,我不是一个Java人,所以上面的一些语法可能是错误的,但这些概念应该是成立的。然而,在没有测试之前,不要在任何重要的地方运行上面的代码。
You defined that your garage will store vehicles, so you do not care what type of vehicles you have. The vehicles have common features like engine, wheel, behavior like moving.
The actual representation of these features might be different, but at abstract layer are the same.
You used abstract class which means that some attributes, behaviors are exactly the same by both vehicle. If you want to express that your vehicles have common abstract features then use interface like moving might mean different by car and boat. Both can get from point A to point B, but in a different way (on wheel or on water - so the implementation will be different)
So you have vehicles in the garage which behave the same way and you do not car about the specific features of them.
回答评论:
接口是指描述如何与外部世界通信的契约。在合同中,你定义了你的车辆可以移动,可以操纵,但你没有描述它实际是如何工作的,它是在实现中描述的。通过抽象类,你可能有共享某些实现的函数,但你也有不知道如何实现的函数。
一个使用抽象类的例子:
abstract class Vehicle {
protected abstract void identifyWhereIAm();
protected abstract void startEngine();
protected abstract void driveUntilIArriveHome();
protected abstract void stopEngine();
public void navigateToHome() {
identifyWhereIAm();
startEngine();
driveUntilIArriveHome();
stopEngine();
}
}
每辆车都将使用相同的步骤,但步骤的实现将因车辆类型而异。汽车可能会使用GPS,船只可能会使用声纳来确定它的位置。