我有一个名为X509Crypto的开源项目，它利用证书来加密和解密字符串。它很容易使用。下面是一个如何使用它的例子:

1. 2 .使用X509Crypto命令行生成新的加密证书和密钥对

>x509crypto.exe
X509Crypto> makecert -context user -keysize medium -alias myvault

Certificate with thumbprint B31FE7E7AE5229F8186782742CF579197FA859FD was added to X509Alias "myvault" in the user X509Context

X509Crypto>

2. 使用Encrypt CLI命令向新的X509Alias添加一个秘密

X509Crypto> encrypt -text -alias myvault -context user -secret apikey -in "80EAF03248965AC2B78090"

Secret apikey has been added to X509Alias myvault in the user X509Context

X509Crypto>

3.在程序中引用该秘密

一旦你建立了一个X509Alias并添加了你的秘密，在你的程序中使用Org检索它们是很简单的。X509Crypto nuget包安装:

using Org.X509Crypto;

namespace SampleApp
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var Alias = new X509Alias(@"myvault", X509Context.UserReadOnly);
            var apiKey = Alias.RecoverSecret(@"apikey");
        }
    }
}

如果您正在使用ASP。你现在可以使用。Net 4.0以后的内置功能了。

System.Web.Security.MachineKey

. net 4.5有MachineKey.Protect()和MachineKey.Unprotect()。

. net 4.0有MachineKey.Encode()和MachineKey.Decode()。你应该将MachineKeyProtection设置为“All”。

ASP之外。Net这个类似乎在每次应用程序重新启动时都会生成一个新键，所以不起作用。在ILSpy中，如果缺少适当的app.settings，它就会生成自己的默认值。你可以在ASP.Net之外设置。

我还没找到非asp的。系统外的净等值。网络名称空间。

BouncyCastle是一个很棒的。net加密库，它可以作为Nuget包安装到你的项目中。比起目前System.Security.Cryptography库中可用的东西，我更喜欢它。它为你提供了更多可用算法的选择，并为这些算法提供了更多的模式。

这是一个TwoFish实现的例子，它是由Bruce Schneier(我们所有偏执的人的英雄)编写的。这是一个像Rijndael一样的对称算法 (又名AES)。它是AES标准的三个最终入选者之一，是Bruce Schneier编写的另一个著名算法BlowFish的兄弟姐妹。

使用bouncycastle的第一件事是创建一个加密器类，这将使它更容易在库中实现其他块密码。下面的加密器类接受一个泛型参数T，其中T实现了IBlockCipher，并有一个默认构造函数。

UPDATE: Due to popular demand I have decided to implement generating a random IV as well as include an HMAC into this class. Although from a style perspective this goes against the SOLID principle of single responsibility, because of the nature of what this class does I reniged. This class will now take two generic parameters, one for the cipher and one for the digest. It automatically generates the IV using RNGCryptoServiceProvider to provide good RNG entropy, and allows you to use whatever digest algorithm you want from BouncyCastle to generate the MAC.

using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;
using Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto;
using Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto.Macs;
using Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto.Modes;
using Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto.Paddings;
using Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto.Parameters;

public sealed class Encryptor<TBlockCipher, TDigest>
    where TBlockCipher : IBlockCipher, new()
    where TDigest : IDigest, new()
{
    private Encoding encoding;

    private IBlockCipher blockCipher;

    private BufferedBlockCipher cipher;

    private HMac mac;

    private byte[] key;

    public Encryptor(Encoding encoding, byte[] key, byte[] macKey)
    {
        this.encoding = encoding;
        this.key = key;
        this.Init(key, macKey, new Pkcs7Padding());
    }

    public Encryptor(Encoding encoding, byte[] key, byte[] macKey, IBlockCipherPadding padding)
    {
        this.encoding = encoding;
        this.key = key;
        this.Init(key, macKey, padding);
    }

    private void Init(byte[] key, byte[] macKey, IBlockCipherPadding padding)
    {
        this.blockCipher = new CbcBlockCipher(new TBlockCipher());
        this.cipher = new PaddedBufferedBlockCipher(this.blockCipher, padding);
        this.mac = new HMac(new TDigest());
        this.mac.Init(new KeyParameter(macKey));
    }

    public string Encrypt(string plain)
    {
        return Convert.ToBase64String(EncryptBytes(plain));
    }

    public byte[] EncryptBytes(string plain)
    {
        byte[] input = this.encoding.GetBytes(plain);

        var iv = this.GenerateIV();

        var cipher = this.BouncyCastleCrypto(true, input, new ParametersWithIV(new KeyParameter(key), iv));
        byte[] message = CombineArrays(iv, cipher);

        this.mac.Reset();
        this.mac.BlockUpdate(message, 0, message.Length);
        byte[] digest = new byte[this.mac.GetUnderlyingDigest().GetDigestSize()];
        this.mac.DoFinal(digest, 0);

        var result = CombineArrays(digest, message);
        return result;
    }

    public byte[] DecryptBytes(byte[] bytes)
    {
        // split the digest into component parts
        var digest = new byte[this.mac.GetUnderlyingDigest().GetDigestSize()];
        var message = new byte[bytes.Length - digest.Length];
        var iv = new byte[this.blockCipher.GetBlockSize()];
        var cipher = new byte[message.Length - iv.Length];

        Buffer.BlockCopy(bytes, 0, digest, 0, digest.Length);
        Buffer.BlockCopy(bytes, digest.Length, message, 0, message.Length);
        if (!IsValidHMac(digest, message))
        {
            throw new CryptoException();
        }

        Buffer.BlockCopy(message, 0, iv, 0, iv.Length);
        Buffer.BlockCopy(message, iv.Length, cipher, 0, cipher.Length);

        byte[] result = this.BouncyCastleCrypto(false, cipher, new ParametersWithIV(new KeyParameter(key), iv));
        return result;
    }

    public string Decrypt(byte[] bytes)
    {
        return this.encoding.GetString(DecryptBytes(bytes));
    }

    public string Decrypt(string cipher)
    {
        return this.Decrypt(Convert.FromBase64String(cipher));
    }

    private bool IsValidHMac(byte[] digest, byte[] message)
    {
        this.mac.Reset();
        this.mac.BlockUpdate(message, 0, message.Length);
        byte[] computed = new byte[this.mac.GetUnderlyingDigest().GetDigestSize()];
        this.mac.DoFinal(computed, 0);

        return AreEqual(digest,computed);
    }

    private static bool AreEqual(byte [] digest, byte[] computed)
    {
        if(digest.Length != computed.Length)
        {
            return false;
        }

        int result = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < digest.Length; i++)
        {
            // compute equality of all bytes before returning.
            //   helps prevent timing attacks: 
            //   https://codahale.com/a-lesson-in-timing-attacks/
            result |= digest[i] ^ computed[i];
        }

        return result == 0;
    }

    private byte[] BouncyCastleCrypto(bool forEncrypt, byte[] input, ICipherParameters parameters)
    {
        try
        {
            cipher.Init(forEncrypt, parameters);

            return this.cipher.DoFinal(input);
        }
        catch (CryptoException)
        {
            throw;
        }
    }

    private byte[] GenerateIV()
    {
        using (var provider = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider())
        {
            // 1st block
            byte[] result = new byte[this.blockCipher.GetBlockSize()];
            provider.GetBytes(result);

            return result;
        }
    }

    private static byte[] CombineArrays(byte[] source1, byte[] source2)
    {
        byte[] result = new byte[source1.Length + source2.Length];
        Buffer.BlockCopy(source1, 0, result, 0, source1.Length);
        Buffer.BlockCopy(source2, 0, result, source1.Length, source2.Length);

        return result;
    }
}

接下来只需在新类上调用加密和解密方法，下面是使用twofish的示例:

var encrypt = new Encryptor<TwofishEngine, Sha1Digest>(Encoding.UTF8, key, hmacKey);

string cipher = encrypt.Encrypt("TEST");   
string plainText = encrypt.Decrypt(cipher);

替换像TripleDES这样的分组密码也很容易:

var des = new Encryptor<DesEdeEngine, Sha1Digest>(Encoding.UTF8, key, hmacKey);

string cipher = des.Encrypt("TEST");
string plainText = des.Decrypt(cipher);

最后，如果你想使用AES和SHA256 HMAC，你可以做以下事情:

var aes = new Encryptor<AesEngine, Sha256Digest>(Encoding.UTF8, key, hmacKey);

cipher = aes.Encrypt("TEST");
plainText = aes.Decrypt(cipher);

The hardest part about encryption actually deals with the keys and not the algorithms. You'll have to think about where you store your keys, and if you have to, how you exchange them. These algorithms have all withstood the test of time, and are extremely hard to break. Someone who wants to steal information from you isn't going to spend eternity doing cryptanalysis on your messages, they're going to try to figure out what or where your key is. So #1 choose your keys wisely, #2 store them in a safe place, if you use a web.config and IIS then you can encrypt parts of the the web.config, and finally if you have to exchange keys make sure that your protocol for exchanging the key is secure.

更新2 改变比较方法以减轻定时攻击。点击这里查看更多信息http://codahale.com/a-lesson-in-timing-attacks/。还更新到默认PKCS7填充，并添加了新的构造函数，以允许最终用户选择他们想要使用的填充。感谢@CodesInChaos的建议。

您必须使用System.Security.Cryptography来使用命名空间;usehash是bool类型，true或false。字符串变量“key”对于加密和解密应该是相同的

//Encryption
public string EncryptText(string toEncrypt, bool useHashing)
    {
        try
        {
            byte[] keyArray;
            byte[] toEncryptArray = UTF8Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(toEncrypt);

            string key = "String Key Value"; //Based on this key stirng is encrypting
            //System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox.Show(key);
            //If hashing use get hashcode regards to your key
            if (useHashing)
            {
                MD5CryptoServiceProvider hashmd5 = new MD5CryptoServiceProvider();
                keyArray = hashmd5.ComputeHash(UTF8Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(key));
                //Always release the resources and flush data
                //of the Cryptographic service provide. Best Practice

                hashmd5.Clear();
            }
            else
                keyArray = UTF8Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(key);

            TripleDESCryptoServiceProvider tdes = new TripleDESCryptoServiceProvider();
            //set the secret key for the tripleDES algorithm
            tdes.Key = keyArray;
            //mode of operation. there are other 4 modes. We choose ECB(Electronic code Book)
            tdes.Mode = CipherMode.ECB;
            //padding mode(if any extra byte added)
            tdes.Padding = PaddingMode.PKCS7;

            ICryptoTransform cTransform = tdes.CreateEncryptor();
            //transform the specified region of bytes array to resultArray
            byte[] resultArray = cTransform.TransformFinalBlock(toEncryptArray, 0,          toEncryptArray.Length);
            //Release resources held by TripleDes Encryptor
            tdes.Clear();
            //Return the encrypted data into unreadable string format
            return Convert.ToBase64String(resultArray, 0, resultArray.Length);
        }
        catch (Exception e)
        {
            throw e;
        }
    }

    //Decryption
    public string DecryptText(string cipherString, bool useHashing)
    {

        try
        {
            byte[] keyArray;
            //get the byte code of the string

            byte[] toEncryptArray = Convert.FromBase64String(cipherString);

            string key = "String Key Value"; //Based on this key string is decrypted

            if (useHashing)
            {
                //if hashing was used get the hash code with regards to your key
                MD5CryptoServiceProvider hashmd5 = new MD5CryptoServiceProvider();
                keyArray = hashmd5.ComputeHash(UTF8Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(key));
                //release any resource held by the MD5CryptoServiceProvider

                hashmd5.Clear();
            }
            else
            {
                //if hashing was not implemented get the byte code of the key
                keyArray = UTF8Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(key);
            }

            TripleDESCryptoServiceProvider tdes = new TripleDESCryptoServiceProvider();
            //set the secret key for the tripleDES algorithm
            tdes.Key = keyArray;
            //mode of operation. there are other 4 modes.
            //We choose ECB(Electronic code Book)

            tdes.Mode = CipherMode.ECB;
            //padding mode(if any extra byte added)
            tdes.Padding = PaddingMode.PKCS7;

            ICryptoTransform cTransform = tdes.CreateDecryptor();
            byte[] resultArray = cTransform.TransformFinalBlock
                    (toEncryptArray, 0, toEncryptArray.Length);
            //Release resources held by TripleDes Encryptor
            tdes.Clear();
            //return the Clear decrypted TEXT
            return UTF8Encoding.UTF8.GetString(resultArray);
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            throw ex;
        }
    }

支持mattmanser的回答。下面是一个使用MachineKey类加密/解密URL安全值的示例。

Something to bear in mind, as mentioned before, this will use Machine config settings (https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff649308.aspx). You can set encryption and decryption key/algorithm manually (you might need this specially if your site is running on multiple servers) in web.config file. You can generate keys from IIS (see here: https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/vijaysk/2009/05/13/iis-7-tip-10-you-can-generate-machine-keys-from-the-iis-manager/) or can use an online machine key generator like: http://www.developerfusion.com/tools/generatemachinekey/

    private static readonly UTF8Encoding Encoder = new UTF8Encoding();

    public static string Encrypt(string unencrypted)
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(unencrypted)) 
            return string.Empty;

        try
        {
            var encryptedBytes = MachineKey.Protect(Encoder.GetBytes(unencrypted));

            if (encryptedBytes != null && encryptedBytes.Length > 0)
                return HttpServerUtility.UrlTokenEncode(encryptedBytes);    
        }
        catch (Exception)
        {
            return string.Empty;
        }

        return string.Empty;
    }

    public static string Decrypt(string encrypted)
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(encrypted)) 
            return string.Empty;

        try
        {
            var bytes = HttpServerUtility.UrlTokenDecode(encrypted);
            if (bytes != null && bytes.Length > 0)
            {
                var decryptedBytes = MachineKey.Unprotect(bytes);
                if(decryptedBytes != null && decryptedBytes.Length > 0)
                    return Encoder.GetString(decryptedBytes);
            }

        }
        catch (Exception)
        {
            return string.Empty;
        }

        return string.Empty;
    }

EDIT 2013- 10月:虽然我随着时间的推移编辑了这个答案以解决缺点，但请参阅jbtule的答案以获得更健壮、更明智的解决方案。

https://stackoverflow.com/a/10366194/188474

最初的回答:

下面是一个从“RijndaelManaged Class”文档和MCTS训练工具包中派生出来的工作示例。

EDIT 2012- 4月:根据jbtule的建议，这个答案被编辑为IV之前的答案，如下图所示:

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.security.cryptography.aesmanaged%28v=vs.95%29.aspx

好运！

public class Crypto
{

    //While an app specific salt is not the best practice for
    //password based encryption, it's probably safe enough as long as
    //it is truly uncommon. Also too much work to alter this answer otherwise.
    private static byte[] _salt = __To_Do__("Add a app specific salt here");

    /// <summary>
    /// Encrypt the given string using AES.  The string can be decrypted using 
    /// DecryptStringAES().  The sharedSecret parameters must match.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="plainText">The text to encrypt.</param>
    /// <param name="sharedSecret">A password used to generate a key for encryption.</param>
    public static string EncryptStringAES(string plainText, string sharedSecret)
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(plainText))
            throw new ArgumentNullException("plainText");
        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(sharedSecret))
            throw new ArgumentNullException("sharedSecret");

        string outStr = null;                       // Encrypted string to return
        RijndaelManaged aesAlg = null;              // RijndaelManaged object used to encrypt the data.

        try
        {
            // generate the key from the shared secret and the salt
            Rfc2898DeriveBytes key = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(sharedSecret, _salt);

            // Create a RijndaelManaged object
            aesAlg = new RijndaelManaged();
            aesAlg.Key = key.GetBytes(aesAlg.KeySize / 8);

            // Create a decryptor to perform the stream transform.
            ICryptoTransform encryptor = aesAlg.CreateEncryptor(aesAlg.Key, aesAlg.IV);

            // Create the streams used for encryption.
            using (MemoryStream msEncrypt = new MemoryStream())
            {
                // prepend the IV
                msEncrypt.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes(aesAlg.IV.Length), 0, sizeof(int));
                msEncrypt.Write(aesAlg.IV, 0, aesAlg.IV.Length);
                using (CryptoStream csEncrypt = new CryptoStream(msEncrypt, encryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Write))
                {
                    using (StreamWriter swEncrypt = new StreamWriter(csEncrypt))
                    {
                        //Write all data to the stream.
                        swEncrypt.Write(plainText);
                    }
                }
                outStr = Convert.ToBase64String(msEncrypt.ToArray());
            }
        }
        finally
        {
            // Clear the RijndaelManaged object.
            if (aesAlg != null)
                aesAlg.Clear();
        }

        // Return the encrypted bytes from the memory stream.
        return outStr;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Decrypt the given string.  Assumes the string was encrypted using 
    /// EncryptStringAES(), using an identical sharedSecret.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="cipherText">The text to decrypt.</param>
    /// <param name="sharedSecret">A password used to generate a key for decryption.</param>
    public static string DecryptStringAES(string cipherText, string sharedSecret)
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(cipherText))
            throw new ArgumentNullException("cipherText");
        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(sharedSecret))
            throw new ArgumentNullException("sharedSecret");

        // Declare the RijndaelManaged object
        // used to decrypt the data.
        RijndaelManaged aesAlg = null;

        // Declare the string used to hold
        // the decrypted text.
        string plaintext = null;

        try
        {
            // generate the key from the shared secret and the salt
            Rfc2898DeriveBytes key = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(sharedSecret, _salt);

            // Create the streams used for decryption.                
            byte[] bytes = Convert.FromBase64String(cipherText);
            using (MemoryStream msDecrypt = new MemoryStream(bytes))
            {
                // Create a RijndaelManaged object
                // with the specified key and IV.
                aesAlg = new RijndaelManaged();
                aesAlg.Key = key.GetBytes(aesAlg.KeySize / 8);
                // Get the initialization vector from the encrypted stream
                aesAlg.IV = ReadByteArray(msDecrypt);
                // Create a decrytor to perform the stream transform.
                ICryptoTransform decryptor = aesAlg.CreateDecryptor(aesAlg.Key, aesAlg.IV);
                using (CryptoStream csDecrypt = new CryptoStream(msDecrypt, decryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Read))
                {
                    using (StreamReader srDecrypt = new StreamReader(csDecrypt))

                        // Read the decrypted bytes from the decrypting stream
                        // and place them in a string.
                        plaintext = srDecrypt.ReadToEnd();
                }
            }
        }
        finally
        {
            // Clear the RijndaelManaged object.
            if (aesAlg != null)
                aesAlg.Clear();
        }

        return plaintext;
    }

    private static byte[] ReadByteArray(Stream s)
    {
        byte[] rawLength = new byte[sizeof(int)];
        if (s.Read(rawLength, 0, rawLength.Length) != rawLength.Length)
        {
            throw new SystemException("Stream did not contain properly formatted byte array");
        }

        byte[] buffer = new byte[BitConverter.ToInt32(rawLength, 0)];
        if (s.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length) != buffer.Length)
        {
            throw new SystemException("Did not read byte array properly");
        }

        return buffer;
    }
}