我有一组数据,我想比较哪条线最能描述它(不同阶的多项式,指数或对数)。

我使用Python和Numpy和多项式拟合有一个函数polyfit()。但我没有发现这样的函数的指数和对数拟合。

有吗?或者如何解决这个问题?


当前回答

下面是使用scikit learn中的工具对简单数据进行线性化的选项。

鉴于

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
from sklearn.preprocessing import FunctionTransformer


np.random.seed(123)

# General Functions
def func_exp(x, a, b, c):
    """Return values from a general exponential function."""
    return a * np.exp(b * x) + c


def func_log(x, a, b, c):
    """Return values from a general log function."""
    return a * np.log(b * x) + c


# Helper
def generate_data(func, *args, jitter=0):
    """Return a tuple of arrays with random data along a general function."""
    xs = np.linspace(1, 5, 50)
    ys = func(xs, *args)
    noise = jitter * np.random.normal(size=len(xs)) + jitter
    xs = xs.reshape(-1, 1)                                  # xs[:, np.newaxis]
    ys = (ys + noise).reshape(-1, 1)
    return xs, ys
transformer = FunctionTransformer(np.log, validate=True)

Code

拟合指数数据

# Data
x_samp, y_samp = generate_data(func_exp, 2.5, 1.2, 0.7, jitter=3)
y_trans = transformer.fit_transform(y_samp)             # 1

# Regression
regressor = LinearRegression()
results = regressor.fit(x_samp, y_trans)                # 2
model = results.predict
y_fit = model(x_samp)

# Visualization
plt.scatter(x_samp, y_samp)
plt.plot(x_samp, np.exp(y_fit), "k--", label="Fit")     # 3
plt.title("Exponential Fit")

拟合日志数据

# Data
x_samp, y_samp = generate_data(func_log, 2.5, 1.2, 0.7, jitter=0.15)
x_trans = transformer.fit_transform(x_samp)             # 1

# Regression
regressor = LinearRegression()
results = regressor.fit(x_trans, y_samp)                # 2
model = results.predict
y_fit = model(x_trans)

# Visualization
plt.scatter(x_samp, y_samp)
plt.plot(x_samp, y_fit, "k--", label="Fit")             # 3
plt.title("Logarithmic Fit")


细节

一般步骤

对数据值(x、y或两者)应用日志操作 将数据回归到线性化模型 通过“反转”任何日志操作(使用np.exp())绘制并适合原始数据

假设我们的数据遵循指数趋势,一般的方程+可能是:

我们可以通过取对数来线性化后一个方程(例如y =截距+斜率* x):

给定线性化方程++和回归参数,我们可以计算出:

A经截距(ln(A)) B经斜率(B)

线性化技术概述

Relationship |  Example   |     General Eqn.     |  Altered Var.  |        Linearized Eqn.  
-------------|------------|----------------------|----------------|------------------------------------------
Linear       | x          | y =     B * x    + C | -              |        y =   C    + B * x
Logarithmic  | log(x)     | y = A * log(B*x) + C | log(x)         |        y =   C    + A * (log(B) + log(x))
Exponential  | 2**x, e**x | y = A * exp(B*x) + C | log(y)         | log(y-C) = log(A) + B * x
Power        | x**2       | y =     B * x**N + C | log(x), log(y) | log(y-C) = log(B) + N * log(x)

+注意:线性化指数函数在噪声较小且C=0时效果最好。请谨慎使用。

注:修改x数据有助于线性化指数数据,而修改y数据有助于线性化日志数据。

其他回答

我们在解决这两个问题的同时演示了lmfit的特性。

鉴于

import lmfit

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


%matplotlib inline
np.random.seed(123)
# General Functions
def func_log(x, a, b, c):
    """Return values from a general log function."""
    return a * np.log(b * x) + c


# Data
x_samp = np.linspace(1, 5, 50)
_noise = np.random.normal(size=len(x_samp), scale=0.06)
y_samp = 2.5 * np.exp(1.2 * x_samp) + 0.7 + _noise
y_samp2 = 2.5 * np.log(1.2 * x_samp) + 0.7 + _noise

Code

方法1 - lmfit模型

拟合指数数据

regressor = lmfit.models.ExponentialModel()                # 1    
initial_guess = dict(amplitude=1, decay=-1)                # 2
results = regressor.fit(y_samp, x=x_samp, **initial_guess)
y_fit = results.best_fit    

plt.plot(x_samp, y_samp, "o", label="Data")
plt.plot(x_samp, y_fit, "k--", label="Fit")
plt.legend()

方法2 -自定义模型

拟合日志数据

regressor = lmfit.Model(func_log)                          # 1
initial_guess = dict(a=1, b=.1, c=.1)                      # 2
results = regressor.fit(y_samp2, x=x_samp, **initial_guess)
y_fit = results.best_fit

plt.plot(x_samp, y_samp2, "o", label="Data")
plt.plot(x_samp, y_fit, "k--", label="Fit")
plt.legend()


细节

选择一个回归类 提供命名的、尊重函数域的初始猜测

您可以从回归器对象确定推断出的参数。例子:

regressor.param_names
# ['decay', 'amplitude']

要进行预测,请使用ModelResult.eval()方法。

model = results.eval
y_pred = model(x=np.array([1.5]))

注意:ExponentialModel()遵循一个衰减函数,它接受两个参数,其中一个是负的。

请参见ExponentialGaussianModel(),它接受更多参数。

通过> pip Install lmfit安装库。

下面是使用scikit learn中的工具对简单数据进行线性化的选项。

鉴于

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
from sklearn.preprocessing import FunctionTransformer


np.random.seed(123)

# General Functions
def func_exp(x, a, b, c):
    """Return values from a general exponential function."""
    return a * np.exp(b * x) + c


def func_log(x, a, b, c):
    """Return values from a general log function."""
    return a * np.log(b * x) + c


# Helper
def generate_data(func, *args, jitter=0):
    """Return a tuple of arrays with random data along a general function."""
    xs = np.linspace(1, 5, 50)
    ys = func(xs, *args)
    noise = jitter * np.random.normal(size=len(xs)) + jitter
    xs = xs.reshape(-1, 1)                                  # xs[:, np.newaxis]
    ys = (ys + noise).reshape(-1, 1)
    return xs, ys
transformer = FunctionTransformer(np.log, validate=True)

Code

拟合指数数据

# Data
x_samp, y_samp = generate_data(func_exp, 2.5, 1.2, 0.7, jitter=3)
y_trans = transformer.fit_transform(y_samp)             # 1

# Regression
regressor = LinearRegression()
results = regressor.fit(x_samp, y_trans)                # 2
model = results.predict
y_fit = model(x_samp)

# Visualization
plt.scatter(x_samp, y_samp)
plt.plot(x_samp, np.exp(y_fit), "k--", label="Fit")     # 3
plt.title("Exponential Fit")

拟合日志数据

# Data
x_samp, y_samp = generate_data(func_log, 2.5, 1.2, 0.7, jitter=0.15)
x_trans = transformer.fit_transform(x_samp)             # 1

# Regression
regressor = LinearRegression()
results = regressor.fit(x_trans, y_samp)                # 2
model = results.predict
y_fit = model(x_trans)

# Visualization
plt.scatter(x_samp, y_samp)
plt.plot(x_samp, y_fit, "k--", label="Fit")             # 3
plt.title("Logarithmic Fit")


细节

一般步骤

对数据值(x、y或两者)应用日志操作 将数据回归到线性化模型 通过“反转”任何日志操作(使用np.exp())绘制并适合原始数据

假设我们的数据遵循指数趋势,一般的方程+可能是:

我们可以通过取对数来线性化后一个方程(例如y =截距+斜率* x):

给定线性化方程++和回归参数,我们可以计算出:

A经截距(ln(A)) B经斜率(B)

线性化技术概述

Relationship |  Example   |     General Eqn.     |  Altered Var.  |        Linearized Eqn.  
-------------|------------|----------------------|----------------|------------------------------------------
Linear       | x          | y =     B * x    + C | -              |        y =   C    + B * x
Logarithmic  | log(x)     | y = A * log(B*x) + C | log(x)         |        y =   C    + A * (log(B) + log(x))
Exponential  | 2**x, e**x | y = A * exp(B*x) + C | log(y)         | log(y-C) = log(A) + B * x
Power        | x**2       | y =     B * x**N + C | log(x), log(y) | log(y-C) = log(B) + N * log(x)

+注意:线性化指数函数在噪声较小且C=0时效果最好。请谨慎使用。

注:修改x数据有助于线性化指数数据,而修改y数据有助于线性化日志数据。

Wolfram有一个封闭形式的解拟合指数。他们也有类似的解决方案拟合对数和幂律。

我发现这比scipy的curve_fit工作得更好。特别是当你没有“接近零”的数据时。这里有一个例子:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Fit the function y = A * exp(B * x) to the data
# returns (A, B)
# From: https://mathworld.wolfram.com/LeastSquaresFittingExponential.html
def fit_exp(xs, ys):
    S_x2_y = 0.0
    S_y_lny = 0.0
    S_x_y = 0.0
    S_x_y_lny = 0.0
    S_y = 0.0
    for (x,y) in zip(xs, ys):
        S_x2_y += x * x * y
        S_y_lny += y * np.log(y)
        S_x_y += x * y
        S_x_y_lny += x * y * np.log(y)
        S_y += y
    #end
    a = (S_x2_y * S_y_lny - S_x_y * S_x_y_lny) / (S_y * S_x2_y - S_x_y * S_x_y)
    b = (S_y * S_x_y_lny - S_x_y * S_y_lny) / (S_y * S_x2_y - S_x_y * S_x_y)
    return (np.exp(a), b)


xs = [33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42]
ys = [3187, 3545, 4045, 4447, 4872, 5660, 5983, 6254, 6681, 7206]

(A, B) = fit_exp(xs, ys)

plt.figure()
plt.plot(xs, ys, 'o-', label='Raw Data')
plt.plot(xs, [A * np.exp(B *x) for x in xs], 'o-', label='Fit')

plt.title('Exponential Fit Test')
plt.xlabel('X')
plt.ylabel('Y')
plt.legend(loc='best')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

还可以使用scipy.optimize中的curve_fit将一组数据适合于任何函数。例如,如果你想拟合一个指数函数(来自文档):

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.optimize import curve_fit

def func(x, a, b, c):
    return a * np.exp(-b * x) + c

x = np.linspace(0,4,50)
y = func(x, 2.5, 1.3, 0.5)
yn = y + 0.2*np.random.normal(size=len(x))

popt, pcov = curve_fit(func, x, yn)

然后如果你想画出来,你可以这样做:

plt.figure()
plt.plot(x, yn, 'ko', label="Original Noised Data")
plt.plot(x, func(x, *popt), 'r-', label="Fitted Curve")
plt.legend()
plt.show()

(注意:当你绘图时,popt前面的*会将项展开为func所期望的a, b和c。)

我想你可以用:

np.log   -->  natural log
np.log10 -->  base 10
np.log2  -->  base 2

稍微修改一下IanVS的答案:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.optimize import curve_fit

def func(x, a, b, c):
  #return a * np.exp(-b * x) + c
  return a * np.log(b * x) + c

x = np.linspace(1,5,50)   # changed boundary conditions to avoid division by 0
y = func(x, 2.5, 1.3, 0.5)
yn = y + 0.2*np.random.normal(size=len(x))

popt, pcov = curve_fit(func, x, yn)

plt.figure()
plt.plot(x, yn, 'ko', label="Original Noised Data")
plt.plot(x, func(x, *popt), 'r-', label="Fitted Curve")
plt.legend()
plt.show()

结果如下图所示: