在过去，只有两种类型的语言:编译型和解释型。

编译语言利用“编译器”读取语言语法并将其转换为相同的汇编语言代码，这可以直接在CPU上进行。解释型语言使用了几种不同的方案，但从本质上讲，语言语法被转换成一种中间形式，然后在“解释器”(用于执行代码的环境)中运行。

因此，在某种意义上，在代码和机器之间存在另一个“层”——解释器。而且，在计算机中，越多就意味着使用更多的资源。翻译速度较慢，因为他们必须执行更多的操作。

More recently, we've seen more hybrid languages like Java, that employ both a compiler and an interpreter to make them work. It's complicated, but a JVM is faster, more sophisticated and way more optimized than the old interpreters, so it stands a much better change of performing (over time) closer to just straight compiled code. Of course, the newer compilers also have more fancy optimizing tricks so they tend to generate way better code than they used to as well. But most optimizations, most often (although not always) make some type of trade-off such that they are not always faster in all circumstances. Like everything else, nothing comes for free, so the optimizers must get their boast from somewhere (although often times it using compile-time CPU to save runtime CPU).

Getting back to C, it is a simple language, that can be compiled into fairly optimized assembly and then run directly on the target machine. In C, if you increment an integer, it's more than likely that it is only one assembler step in the CPU, in Java however, it could end up being a lot more than that (and could include a bit of garbage collection as well :-) C offers you an abstraction that is way closer to the machine (assembler is the closest), but you end up having to do way more work to get it going and it is not as protected, easy to use or error friendly. Most other languages give you a higher abstraction and take care of more of the underlying details for you, but in exchange for their advanced functionality they require more resources to run. As you generalize some solutions, you have to handle a broader range of computing, which often requires more resources.

保罗。

原因有很多，包括:

它被编译成汇编语言。 它是静态类型的。 没有垃圾回收。 没有异常机制。 编译器优化 C语言的哲学之一是保持简单并保持向后兼容性，而不是添加更多的特性。

The lack of abstraction is what makes C faster. If you write an output statement you know exactly what is happening. If you write an output statement in java it is getting compiled to a class file which then gets run on a virtual machine introducing a layor of abstraction. The lack of object oriented features as a part of the language also increases it's speed do to less code being generated. If you use C as an object oriented language then you are doing all the coding for things such as classes, inharitence, etc. This means rather then make something generalized enough for everyone with the amount of code and the performance penelty that requires you only write what you need to get the job done.

令人惊讶的是，“C/ c++必须比Java快，因为Java是解释性的”的神话仍然活跃。有几年前的文章，也有最近的文章，用概念或测量来解释为什么这种情况并不总是如此。

当前的虚拟机实现(顺便说一下，不仅仅是JVM)可以利用程序执行期间收集的信息来动态地优化代码，使用各种技术:

将频繁的方法呈现给机器代码， 内联小方法， 锁紧调整

以及各种其他调整，这些调整是基于了解代码实际在做什么，以及它运行的环境的实际特征。

c语言并没有什么特别之处，这也是它速度快的原因之一。

新语言支持垃圾收集、动态类型和其他功能，使程序员更容易编写程序。

问题在于，会有额外的处理开销，这会降低应用程序的性能。C语言没有这些，这意味着没有开销，但这意味着程序员需要能够分配内存并释放它们以防止内存泄漏，并且必须处理变量的静态类型。

也就是说，许多语言和平台，如Java(其Java虚拟机)和。net(其公共语言运行时)，多年来通过即时编译(从字节码生成本机机器代码以实现更高性能)等技术改进了性能。

C语言速度很快，因为它是原生编译的低级语言。但是C不是最快的。递归斐波那契基准测试表明Rust、Crystal和Nim可以更快。