您可以使用Raymond Hettinger编写的OrderedDict食谱，并修改它以添加重命名方法，但这将是一个O(N)的复杂性:

def rename(self,key,new_key):
    ind = self._keys.index(key)  #get the index of old key, O(N) operation
    self._keys[ind] = new_key    #replace old key with new key in self._keys
    self[new_key] = self[key]    #add the new key, this is added at the end of self._keys
    self._keys.pop(-1)           #pop the last item in self._keys

例子:

dic = OrderedDict((("a",1),("b",2),("c",3)))
print dic
dic.rename("a","foo")
dic.rename("b","bar")
dic["d"] = 5
dic.rename("d","spam")
for k,v in  dic.items():
    print k,v

输出:

OrderedDict({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3})
foo 1
bar 2
c 3
spam 5

重命名所有字典键的情况:

target_dict = {'k1':'v1', 'k2':'v2', 'k3':'v3'}
new_keys = ['k4','k5','k6']

for key,n_key in zip(target_dict.keys(), new_keys):
    target_dict[n_key] = target_dict.pop(key)

其他答案也很不错。但在python3.6中，常规字典也有顺序。所以在正常情况下很难保持键的位置。

def rename(old_dict,old_name,new_name):
    new_dict = {}
    for key,value in zip(old_dict.keys(),old_dict.values()):
        new_key = key if key != old_name else new_name
        new_dict[new_key] = old_dict[key]
    return new_dict

假设你想把键k3重命名为k4:

temp_dict = {'k1':'v1', 'k2':'v2', 'k3':'v3'}
temp_dict['k4']= temp_dict.pop('k3')

在我之前的一些人提到了.pop技巧，可以在一行程序中删除和创建一个键。

我个人认为更显式的实现更具可读性:

d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
v = d['b']
del d['b']
d['c'] = v

上面的代码返回{'a': 1， 'c': 2}

Python 3.6(以后?)我会用下面的一句话

test = {'a': 1, 'old': 2, 'c': 3}
old_k = 'old'
new_k = 'new'
new_v = 4  # optional

print(dict((new_k, new_v) if k == old_k else (k, v) for k, v in test.items()))

生产

{'a': 1, 'new': 4, 'c': 3}

可能值得注意的是，如果没有打印语句，ipython控制台/jupyter笔记本将按照它们选择的顺序显示字典…