Python 3.6(以后?)我会用下面的一句话

test = {'a': 1, 'old': 2, 'c': 3}
old_k = 'old'
new_k = 'new'
new_v = 4  # optional

print(dict((new_k, new_v) if k == old_k else (k, v) for k, v in test.items()))

生产

{'a': 1, 'new': 4, 'c': 3}

可能值得注意的是，如果没有打印语句，ipython控制台/jupyter笔记本将按照它们选择的顺序显示字典…

@helloswift123我喜欢你的功能。下面是在一次调用中重命名多个键的修改:

def rename(d, keymap):
    """
    :param d: old dict
    :type d: dict
    :param keymap: [{:keys from-keys :values to-keys} keymap]
    :returns: new dict
    :rtype: dict
    """
    new_dict = {}
    for key, value in zip(d.keys(), d.values()):
        new_key = keymap.get(key, key)
        new_dict[new_key] = d[key]
    return new_dict

如果有人想要一次重命名所有的键，提供一个包含新名称的列表:

def rename_keys(dict_, new_keys):
    """
     new_keys: type List(), must match length of dict_
    """

    # dict_ = {oldK: value}
    # d1={oldK:newK,} maps old keys to the new ones:  
    d1 = dict( zip( list(dict_.keys()), new_keys) )

          # d1{oldK} == new_key 
    return {d1[oldK]: value for oldK, value in dict_.items()}

在我之前的一些人提到了.pop技巧，可以在一行程序中删除和创建一个键。

我个人认为更显式的实现更具可读性:

d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
v = d['b']
del d['b']
d['c'] = v

上面的代码返回{'a': 1， 'c': 2}

您可以使用Raymond Hettinger编写的OrderedDict食谱，并修改它以添加重命名方法，但这将是一个O(N)的复杂性:

def rename(self,key,new_key):
    ind = self._keys.index(key)  #get the index of old key, O(N) operation
    self._keys[ind] = new_key    #replace old key with new key in self._keys
    self[new_key] = self[key]    #add the new key, this is added at the end of self._keys
    self._keys.pop(-1)           #pop the last item in self._keys

例子:

dic = OrderedDict((("a",1),("b",2),("c",3)))
print dic
dic.rename("a","foo")
dic.rename("b","bar")
dic["d"] = 5
dic.rename("d","spam")
for k,v in  dic.items():
    print k,v

输出:

OrderedDict({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3})
foo 1
bar 2
c 3
spam 5

你可以使用下面的代码:

OldDict={'a':'v1', 'b':'v2', 'c':'v3'}

OldKey=['a','b','c']
NewKey=['A','B','C']

def DictKeyChanger(dict,OldKey,NewKey):
    ListAllKey=list(dict.keys())
    for x in range(0,len(NewKey)):
        dict[NewKey[x]]=dict[OldKey[x]] if OldKey[x] in ListAllKey else None
    for x in ListAllKey:
        dict.pop(x)
    return dict

NewDict=DictKeyChanger(OldDict,OldKey,NewKey)
print(NewDict)#===>>{'A': 'v1', 'B': 'v2', 'C': 'v3'}

注:

列表OldKey和列表NewKey的长度必须相等。 列表OldKey的长度必须等于listNewKey，如果该键在OldKey中不存在，则将'noexis'改为如下所示。

例子:

OldDict={'a':'v1', 'b':'v2', 'c':'v3'}
OldKey=['a','b','c','noexis','noexis']
NewKey=['A','B','C','D','E']
NewDict=DictKeyChanger(OldDict,OldKey,NewKey)
print(NewDict)#===>>{'A': 'v1', 'B': 'v2', 'C': 'v3', 'D': None, 'E': None}