Swift 3.0提供了5种不同的访问控制:

开放 公共 内部 fileprivate 私人

Open access and public access enable entities to be used within any source file from their defining module, and also in a source file from another module that imports the defining module. You typically use open or public access when specifying the public interface to a framework. Internal access enables entities to be used within any source file from their defining module, but not in any source file outside of that module. You typically use internal access when defining an app’s or a framework’s internal structure. File-private access restricts the use of an entity to its own defining source file. Use file-private access to hide the implementation details of a specific piece of functionality when those details are used within an entire file. Private access restricts the use of an entity to the enclosing declaration. Use private access to hide the implementation details of a specific piece of functionality when those details are used only within a single declaration. Open access is the highest (least restrictive) access level and private access is the lowest (most restrictive) access level.

默认访问级别

如果您自己没有明确指定访问级别，那么代码中的所有实体(除了少数特定的例外)都有一个默认的内部访问级别。因此，在许多情况下，您不需要在代码中指定显式的访问级别。

关于该主题的发布说明:

Classes declared as public can no longer be subclassed outside of their defining module, and methods declared as public can no longer be overridden outside of their defining module. To allow a class to be externally subclassed or a method to be externally overridden, declare them as open, which is a new access level beyond public. Imported Objective-C classes and methods are now all imported as open rather than public. Unit tests that import a module using an @testable import will still be allowed to subclass public or internal classes as well as override public or internal methods. (SE-0117)

更多信息和细节: Swift编程语言(访问控制)

语言语法没有关键字“public”，“private”或“protected”。这意味着一切都是公开的。当然，可以有一些替代方法来指定没有这些关键字的访问修饰符，但我在语言参考中找不到它。

现在在测试版4中，他们为Swift添加了访问修饰符。

from Xcode 6 beta 4 realese notes:

Swift access control has three access levels: private entities can only be accessed from within the source file where they are defined. internal entities can be accessed anywhere within the target where they are defined. public entities can be accessed from anywhere within the target and from any other context that imports the current target’s module. By default, most entities in a source file have internal access. This allows application developers to largely ignore access control while allowing framework developers full control over a framework's API.

Xcode 6中引入的访问控制机制:

Swift provides three different access levels for entities within your code. These access levels are relative to the source file in which an entity is defined, and also relative to the module that source file belongs to. Public access enables entities to be used within any source file from their defining module, and also in a source file from another module that imports the defining module. You typically use public access when specifying the public interface to a framework. Internal access enables entities to be used within any source file from their defining module, but not in any source file outside of that module. You typically use internal access when defining an app’s or a framework’s internal structure. Private access restricts the use of an entity to its own defining source file. Use private access to hide the implementation details of a specific piece of functionality. Public access is the highest (least restrictive) access level and private access is the lowest (or most restrictive) access level.

默认在内部访问，因此不需要指定。还要注意，私有说明符不是在类级别上工作，而是在源文件级别上工作。这意味着要使类的某些部分真正私有，您需要将其分离到自己的文件中。这也介绍了一些关于单元测试的有趣案例……

我提出的另一个观点(在上面的链接中有评论)是，你不能“升级”访问级别。如果你子类化了某个东西，你可以对它进行更多的限制，但反过来就不行。

最后一点也会影响函数、元组和其他东西，例如，如果一个函数使用了私有类，那么将函数设置为内部或公共是无效的，因为它们可能无法访问私有类。这将导致编译器警告，并且您需要将该函数重新声明为私有函数。

Swift 3.0提供了5种不同的访问控制:

开放 公共 内部 fileprivate 私人

Open access and public access enable entities to be used within any source file from their defining module, and also in a source file from another module that imports the defining module. You typically use open or public access when specifying the public interface to a framework. Internal access enables entities to be used within any source file from their defining module, but not in any source file outside of that module. You typically use internal access when defining an app’s or a framework’s internal structure. File-private access restricts the use of an entity to its own defining source file. Use file-private access to hide the implementation details of a specific piece of functionality when those details are used within an entire file. Private access restricts the use of an entity to the enclosing declaration. Use private access to hide the implementation details of a specific piece of functionality when those details are used only within a single declaration. Open access is the highest (least restrictive) access level and private access is the lowest (most restrictive) access level.

默认访问级别

如果您自己没有明确指定访问级别，那么代码中的所有实体(除了少数特定的例外)都有一个默认的内部访问级别。因此，在许多情况下，您不需要在代码中指定显式的访问级别。

关于该主题的发布说明:

Classes declared as public can no longer be subclassed outside of their defining module, and methods declared as public can no longer be overridden outside of their defining module. To allow a class to be externally subclassed or a method to be externally overridden, declare them as open, which is a new access level beyond public. Imported Objective-C classes and methods are now all imported as open rather than public. Unit tests that import a module using an @testable import will still be allowed to subclass public or internal classes as well as override public or internal methods. (SE-0117)

更多信息和细节: Swift编程语言(访问控制)

Swift 4 / Swift 5

正如Swift文档-访问控制中提到的，Swift有5个访问控制:

开放和公共:可以从它们的模块实体和导入定义模块的任何模块实体中访问。 Internal:只能从其模块的实体中访问。这是默认的访问级别。 文件私有和私有:只能在您定义的有限范围内进行有限访问。

open和public的区别是什么?

open和之前版本的Swift中的public是一样的，它们允许来自其他模块的类使用和继承它们，即:它们可以从其他模块继承子类。此外，它们允许来自其他模块的成员使用和重写它们。同样的逻辑也适用于它们的模块。

Public允许来自其他模块的类使用它们，但不能继承它们，即:它们不能从其他模块子类化。此外，它们允许来自其他模块的成员使用它们，但不允许重写它们。对于它们的模块，它们具有相同的open's逻辑(它们允许类使用和继承它们;它们允许成员使用和重写它们)。

文件私有和私有的区别是什么?

私有文件可以从他们的整个文件访问。

Private只能从它们的单个声明和同一文件中该声明的扩展进行访问;例如:

// Declaring "A" class that has the two types of "private" and "fileprivate":
class A {
    private var aPrivate: String?
    fileprivate var aFileprivate: String?

    func accessMySelf() {
        // this works fine
        self.aPrivate = ""
        self.aFileprivate = ""
    }
}

// Declaring "B" for checking the abiltiy of accessing "A" class:
class B {
    func accessA() {
        // create an instance of "A" class
        let aObject = A()

        // Error! this is NOT accessable...
        aObject.aPrivate = "I CANNOT set a value for it!"

        // this works fine
        aObject.aFileprivate = "I CAN set a value for it!"
    }
}

Swift 3和Swift 4的访问控制有什么不同?

正如在SE-0169提案中提到的，Swift 4唯一的改进是私有访问控制范围被扩展，可以从同一文件中的声明扩展中访问;例如:

struct MyStruct {
    private let myMessage = "Hello World"
}

extension MyStruct {
    func printMyMessage() {
        print(myMessage)
        // In Swift 3, you will get a compile time error:
        // error: 'myMessage' is inaccessible due to 'private' protection level

        // In Swift 4 it should works fine!
    }
}

因此，不需要将myMessage声明为文件私有以在整个文件中可访问。