我来自Java世界，正在阅读Bruce Eckels的《Python 3 Patterns, Recipes and idiom》。
在阅读有关类的内容时，会继续说在Python中不需要声明实例变量。你只需要在构造函数中使用它们，它们就在那里了。
例如:
class Simple:
def __init__(self, s):
print("inside the simple constructor")
self.s = s
def show(self):
print(self.s)
def showMsg(self, msg):
print(msg + ':', self.show())
如果这是真的，那么任何Simple类的对象都可以改变类外变量s的值。
例如:
if __name__ == "__main__":
x = Simple("constructor argument")
x.s = "test15" # this changes the value
x.show()
x.showMsg("A message")
在Java中，我们已经学习了公共/私有/受保护变量。这些关键字是有意义的，因为有时您希望类中的变量在类之外没有人可以访问。
为什么Python中不需要这个?
我是Python的新手但我有c#和JavaScript的背景。就特性而言，Python感觉像是两者的混合体。JavaScript在这方面也有问题，解决方法是创建一个闭包。这可以通过返回不同的对象来防止访问您不想公开的数据。
def print_msg(msg):
# This is the outer enclosing function
def printer():
# This is the nested function
print(msg)
return printer # returns the nested function
# Now let's try calling this function.
# Output: Hello
another = print_msg("Hello")
another()
https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/closure
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Closures#emulating_private_methods_with_closures
私有变量在Python中或多或少是一种hack:解释器会故意重命名变量。
class A:
def __init__(self):
self.__var = 123
def printVar(self):
print self.__var
现在，如果你试图在类定义之外访问__var，它会失败:
>>> x = A()
>>> x.__var # this will return error: "A has no attribute __var"
>>> x.printVar() # this gives back 123
但你可以很容易地摆脱这种情况:
>>> x.__dict__ # this will show everything that is contained in object x
# which in this case is something like {'_A__var' : 123}
>>> x._A__var = 456 # you now know the masked name of private variables
>>> x.printVar() # this gives back 456
你可能知道OOP中的方法是这样调用的:x. printvar () => A.printVar(x)。如果A.printVar()可以访问x中的某个字段，那么这个字段也可以在A.printVar()之外访问…毕竟，函数是为可重用性而创建的，其中的语句并没有任何特殊的功能。
如前所述，可以通过在变量或方法前面加上下划线来表示它是私有的。如果您觉得这还不够，还可以使用属性装饰器。这里有一个例子:
class Foo:
def __init__(self, bar):
self._bar = bar
@property
def bar(self):
"""Getter for '_bar'."""
return self._bar
This way, someone or something that references bar is actually referencing the return value of the bar function rather than the variable itself, and therefore it can be accessed but not changed. However, if someone really wanted to, they could simply use _bar and assign a new value to it. There is no surefire way to prevent someone from accessing variables and methods that you wish to hide, as has been said repeatedly. However, using property is the clearest message you can send that a variable is not to be edited. property can also be used for more complex getter/setter/deleter access paths, as explained here: https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#property
