如果我有课……
class MyClass:
def method(arg):
print(arg)
... 我用来创建一个对象…
my_object = MyClass()
... 我调用方法(“foo”),就像这样…
>>> my_object.method("foo")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: method() takes exactly 1 positional argument (2 given)
... 为什么Python告诉我我给了它两个参数,而我只给了一个?
在Python中,这是:
my_object.method("foo")
... 是语法糖,翻译人员在幕后将其翻译成:
MyClass.method(my_object, "foo")
... 正如你所看到的,它确实有两个参数——只是从调用者的角度来看,第一个是隐式的。
这是因为大多数方法都对调用它们的对象做一些工作,因此需要有某种方法在方法中引用该对象。按照惯例,第一个参数在方法定义中称为self:
class MyNewClass:
def method(self, arg):
print(self)
print(arg)
如果你在MyNewClass的实例上调用method("foo"),它会像预期的那样工作:
>>> my_new_object = MyNewClass()
>>> my_new_object.method("foo")
<__main__.MyNewClass object at 0x29045d0>
foo
偶尔(但不是经常),你真的不关心你的方法绑定的对象,在这种情况下,你可以用内置的staticmethod()函数来装饰方法:
class MyOtherClass:
@staticmethod
def method(arg):
print(arg)
... 在这种情况下,你不需要在方法定义中添加self参数,它仍然有效:
>>> my_other_object = MyOtherClass()
>>> my_other_object.method("foo")
foo
正如在其他回答中提到的那样——当您使用实例方法时,需要将self作为第一个参数传递——这是错误的来源。
除此之外,重要的是要理解只有实例方法才将self作为第一个参数来引用实例。
如果方法是Static,则不传递self,而是传递cls参数(或class_)。
请参阅下面的示例。
class City:
country = "USA" # This is a class level attribute which will be shared across all instances (and not created PER instance)
def __init__(self, name, location, population):
self.name = name
self.location = location
self.population = population
# This is an instance method which takes self as the first argument to refer to the instance
def print_population(self, some_nice_sentence_prefix):
print(some_nice_sentence_prefix +" In " +self.name + " lives " +self.population + " people!")
# This is a static (class) method which is marked with the @classmethod attribute
# All class methods must take a class argument as first param. The convention is to name is "cls" but class_ is also ok
@classmethod
def change_country(cls, new_country):
cls.country = new_country
一些测试只是为了让事情更清楚:
# Populate objects
city1 = City("New York", "East", "18,804,000")
city2 = City("Los Angeles", "West", "10,118,800")
#1) Use the instance method: No need to pass "self" - it is passed as the city1 instance
city1.print_population("Did You Know?") # Prints: Did You Know? In New York lives 18,804,000 people!
#2.A) Use the static method in the object
city2.change_country("Canada")
#2.B) Will be reflected in all objects
print("city1.country=",city1.country) # Prints Canada
print("city2.country=",city2.country) # Prints Canada