我正在尽最大努力理解JavaScript闭包。
通过返回一个内部函数，它可以访问直接父函数中定义的任何变量。
这对我有什么用?也许我还没完全搞清楚。我在网上看到的大多数示例都没有提供任何真实的代码，只是一些模糊的示例。
有人能告诉我一个闭包的真实用法吗?
比如这个吗?
var warnUser = function (msg) {
var calledCount = 0;
return function() {
calledCount++;
alert(msg + '\nYou have been warned ' + calledCount + ' times.');
};
};
var warnForTamper = warnUser('You can not tamper with our HTML.');
warnForTamper();
warnForTamper();
当前回答
假设，你想统计用户在网页上点击按钮的次数。
为此，您将在按钮的onclick事件上触发一个函数来更新变量的计数
<button onclick="updateClickCount()">click me</button>
现在有很多方法，比如:
你可以使用一个全局变量和一个函数来增加计数器: Var计数器= 0; 函数updatecickcount () { + +计数器; //用counter做一些事情 ｝ 但是，问题在于页面上的任何脚本都可以更改计数器，而不需要调用updatecickcount()。
现在，你可能在考虑在函数内部声明变量: 函数updatecickcount () { Var计数器= 0; + +计数器; //用counter做一些事情 ｝ 但是,嘿!每次调用updateClickCount()函数时，计数器再次被设置为1。
Thinking about nested functions? Nested functions have access to the scope "above" them. In this example, the inner function updateClickCount() has access to the counter variable in the parent function countWrapper(): function countWrapper() { var counter = 0; function updateClickCount() { ++counter; // Do something with counter } updateClickCount(); return counter; } This could have solved the counter dilemma, if you could reach the updateClickCount() function from the outside and you also need to find a way to execute counter = 0 only once not everytime.
Closure to the rescue! (self-invoking function): var updateClickCount = (function(){ var counter = 0; return function(){ ++counter; // Do something with counter } })(); The self-invoking function only runs once. It sets the counter to zero (0), and returns a function expression. This way updateClickCount becomes a function. The "wonderful" part is that it can access the counter in the parent scope. This is called a JavaScript closure. It makes it possible for a function to have "private" variables. The counter is protected by the scope of the anonymous function, and can only be changed using the updateClickCount() function!
一个关于闭包的更生动的例子
< >脚本 var updatecickcount =(函数(){ Var计数器= 0; 返回函数(){ + +计数器; . getelementbyid(“spnCount”)。innerHTML =计数器; ｝ })（); > < /脚本 < html > <按钮onclick = " updateClickCount ()“>点击我> < /按钮 <div>你点击了 <span id="spnCount"> 0 </span> times! < / div > < / html >
参考:JavaScript闭包
其他回答
假设，你想统计用户在网页上点击按钮的次数。
为此，您将在按钮的onclick事件上触发一个函数来更新变量的计数
<button onclick="updateClickCount()">click me</button>
现在有很多方法，比如:
你可以使用一个全局变量和一个函数来增加计数器: Var计数器= 0; 函数updatecickcount () { + +计数器; //用counter做一些事情 ｝ 但是，问题在于页面上的任何脚本都可以更改计数器，而不需要调用updatecickcount()。
现在，你可能在考虑在函数内部声明变量: 函数updatecickcount () { Var计数器= 0; + +计数器; //用counter做一些事情 ｝ 但是,嘿!每次调用updateClickCount()函数时，计数器再次被设置为1。
Thinking about nested functions? Nested functions have access to the scope "above" them. In this example, the inner function updateClickCount() has access to the counter variable in the parent function countWrapper(): function countWrapper() { var counter = 0; function updateClickCount() { ++counter; // Do something with counter } updateClickCount(); return counter; } This could have solved the counter dilemma, if you could reach the updateClickCount() function from the outside and you also need to find a way to execute counter = 0 only once not everytime.
Closure to the rescue! (self-invoking function): var updateClickCount = (function(){ var counter = 0; return function(){ ++counter; // Do something with counter } })(); The self-invoking function only runs once. It sets the counter to zero (0), and returns a function expression. This way updateClickCount becomes a function. The "wonderful" part is that it can access the counter in the parent scope. This is called a JavaScript closure. It makes it possible for a function to have "private" variables. The counter is protected by the scope of the anonymous function, and can only be changed using the updateClickCount() function!
一个关于闭包的更生动的例子
< >脚本 var updatecickcount =(函数(){ Var计数器= 0; 返回函数(){ + +计数器; . getelementbyid(“spnCount”)。innerHTML =计数器; ｝ })（); > < /脚本 < html > <按钮onclick = " updateClickCount ()“>点击我> < /按钮 <div>你点击了 <span id="spnCount"> 0 </span> times! < / div > < / html >
参考:JavaScript闭包
闭包的使用:
闭包是JavaScript最强大的特性之一。JavaScript允许函数嵌套，并授予内部函数对外部函数中定义的所有变量和函数的完全访问权(以及外部函数可以访问的所有其他变量和函数)。但是，外部函数不能访问内部函数内部定义的变量和函数。
这为内部函数的变量提供了一种安全性。此外，由于内部函数可以访问外部函数的作用域，如果内部函数能够在外部函数的生命周期之后继续存在，那么外部函数中定义的变量和函数将比外部函数本身的生命周期更长。当内部函数以某种方式对外部函数之外的任何作用域可用时，就会创建闭包。
例子:
<script>
var createPet = function(name) {
var sex;
return {
setName: function(newName) {
name = newName;
},
getName: function() {
return name;
},
getSex: function() {
return sex;
},
setSex: function(newSex) {
if(typeof newSex == "string" && (newSex.toLowerCase() == "male" || newSex.toLowerCase() == "female")) {
sex = newSex;
}
}
}
}
var pet = createPet("Vivie");
console.log(pet.getName()); // Vivie
console.log(pet.setName("Oliver"));
console.log(pet.setSex("male"));
console.log(pet.getSex()); // male
console.log(pet.getName()); // Oliver
</script>
在上面的代码中，外部函数的name变量可以被内部函数访问，除了通过内部函数，没有其他方法访问内部变量。内部函数的内部变量充当内部函数的安全存储。它们保存“持久的”但安全的数据，供内部函数使用。这些函数甚至不需要赋值给变量，也不需要有名称。 详情请阅读此处。
闭包有各种各样的用例。在这里，我将解释闭包概念的最重要的用法。
闭包可以用来创建私有方法和变量，就像面向对象的语言，如java、c++等。一旦你实现了私有方法和变量，你在函数中定义的变量将不能被窗口对象访问。这有助于数据隐藏和数据安全。
const privateClass = () => {
let name = "sundar";
function setName(changeName) {
name = changeName;
}
function getName() {
return name;
}
return {
setName: setName,
getName: getName,
};
};
let javaLikeObject = privateClass(); \\ similar to new Class() in OOPS.
console.log(javaLikeObject.getName()); \\this will give sundar
javaLikeObject.setName("suresh");
console.log(javaLikeObject.getName()); \\this will give suresh
另一个关于闭包的现实例子:
创建index . html:
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<title>Program with Javascript</title>
</head>
<body>
<p id="first"></p>
<p id="second"></p>
<button onclick="applyingConcepts()">Click</button>
<script src="./index.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
2)在index.js:
let count = 0;
return () => {
document.getElementById("first").innerHTML = count++;
};
})();
在本例中，当您单击一个按钮时，计数将在p#id上更新。 注意:您可能想知道这段代码有什么特别之处。检查时，您将注意到不能使用window对象更改count的值。这意味着你已经声明了私有变量count，这样可以防止你的状态被客户端破坏。
这个帖子极大地帮助我更好地理解闭包是如何工作的。
从那以后，我自己做了一些实验，并提出了这个相当简单的代码，它可能会帮助其他人了解如何以实际的方式使用闭包，以及如何在不同的级别上使用闭包来维护类似于静态和/或全局变量的变量，而不会有它们被覆盖或与全局变量混淆的风险。
这将跟踪按钮点击，无论是在本地级别上的每个按钮，还是在全局级别上的每个按钮，计算每个按钮的点击，为单个数字做出贡献。请注意，我没有使用任何全局变量来完成此操作，这是练习的要点—拥有一个可以应用于任何按钮的处理程序，该按钮也对全局具有贡献。
专家们，如果我在这里犯了什么错误，请告诉我!我自己也在学习这些东西。
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Closures on button presses</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
window.addEventListener("load" , function () {
/*
Grab the function from the first closure,
and assign to a temporary variable
this will set the totalButtonCount variable
that is used to count the total of all button clicks
*/
var buttonHandler = buttonsCount();
/*
Using the result from the first closure (a function is returned)
assign and run the sub closure that carries the
individual variable for button count and assign to the click handlers
*/
document.getElementById("button1").addEventListener("click" , buttonHandler() );
document.getElementById("button2").addEventListener("click" , buttonHandler() );
document.getElementById("button3").addEventListener("click" , buttonHandler() );
// Now that buttonHandler has served its purpose it can be deleted if needs be
buttonHandler = null;
});
function buttonsCount() {
/*
First closure level
- totalButtonCount acts as a sort of global counter to count any button presses
*/
var totalButtonCount = 0;
return function () {
// Second closure level
var myButtonCount = 0;
return function (event) {
// Actual function that is called on the button click
event.preventDefault();
/*
Increment the button counts.
myButtonCount only exists in the scope that is
applied to each event handler and therefore acts
to count each button individually, whereas because
of the first closure totalButtonCount exists at
the scope just outside, it maintains a sort
of static or global variable state
*/
totalButtonCount++;
myButtonCount++;
/*
Do something with the values ... fairly pointless
but it shows that each button contributes to both
its own variable and the outer variable in the
first closure
*/
console.log("Total button clicks: "+totalButtonCount);
console.log("This button count: "+myButtonCount);
}
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<a href="#" id="button1">Button 1</a>
<a href="#" id="button2">Button 2</a>
<a href="#" id="button3">Button 3</a>
</body>
</html>
闭包是一种创建生成器的有用方法，它是一个按需递增的序列:
var foobar = function（i）{var count = count || i; return function（）{return ++count;}} 巴兹 = 福巴（1）; console.log（“First Call： ” + baz（））;2 console.log（“第二次调用： ” + baz（））;3
区别总结如下:
Anonymous functions Defined functions Cannot be used as a method Can be used as a method of an object Exists only in the scope in which it is defined Exists within the object it is defined in Can only be called in the scope in which it is defined Can be called at any point in the code Can be reassigned a new value or deleted Cannot be deleted or changed
参考文献
AS3基础知识:功能
