只要记住在windows上指定文件扩展名即可。否则，你必须使用PATHEXT环境变量为windows编写一个非常复杂的is_exe。您可能只想使用FindPath。

哦，你为什么还要费心搜索可执行文件呢?操作系统将作为popen调用的一部分为你做这件事，如果找不到可执行文件，将引发一个异常。您所需要做的就是为给定的操作系统捕获正确的异常。注意，在Windows上，subprocess。如果没有找到exe, Popen(exe, shell=True)将会静默失败。

将PATHEXT合并到上面的实现中(在Jay的回答中):

def which(program):
    def is_exe(fpath):
        return os.path.exists(fpath) and os.access(fpath, os.X_OK) and os.path.isfile(fpath)

    def ext_candidates(fpath):
        yield fpath
        for ext in os.environ.get("PATHEXT", "").split(os.pathsep):
            yield fpath + ext

    fpath, fname = os.path.split(program)
    if fpath:
        if is_exe(program):
            return program
    else:
        for path in os.environ["PATH"].split(os.pathsep):
            exe_file = os.path.join(path, program)
            for candidate in ext_candidates(exe_file):
                if is_exe(candidate):
                    return candidate

    return None

这看起来很简单，在python2和python3中都可以使用

try: subprocess.check_output('which executable',shell=True)
except: sys.exit('ERROR: executable not found')

我知道我在这里有点死灵，但我偶然发现了这个问题，公认的解决方案并不是对所有情况都适用我认为无论如何提交都可能有用。特别是“可执行”模式的检测，以及提供文件扩展名的要求。此外，python3.3的shutil。(使用pathex)和python2.4+的distutils.spawn。Find_executable(只是尝试添加'.exe')只在一个子集的情况下工作。

所以我写了一个“超级”版本(基于公认的答案，以及Suraj的PATHEXT建议)。这个版本更彻底地完成了任务，并首先尝试了一系列“broadphase”宽度优先技术，最终在PATH空间上尝试了更细粒度的搜索:

import os
import sys
import stat
import tempfile


def is_case_sensitive_filesystem():
    tmphandle, tmppath = tempfile.mkstemp()
    is_insensitive = os.path.exists(tmppath.upper())
    os.close(tmphandle)
    os.remove(tmppath)
    return not is_insensitive

_IS_CASE_SENSITIVE_FILESYSTEM = is_case_sensitive_filesystem()


def which(program, case_sensitive=_IS_CASE_SENSITIVE_FILESYSTEM):
    """ Simulates unix `which` command. Returns absolute path if program found """
    def is_exe(fpath):
        """ Return true if fpath is a file we have access to that is executable """
        accessmode = os.F_OK | os.X_OK
        if os.path.exists(fpath) and os.access(fpath, accessmode) and not os.path.isdir(fpath):
            filemode = os.stat(fpath).st_mode
            ret = bool(filemode & stat.S_IXUSR or filemode & stat.S_IXGRP or filemode & stat.S_IXOTH)
            return ret

    def list_file_exts(directory, search_filename=None, ignore_case=True):
        """ Return list of (filename, extension) tuples which match the search_filename"""
        if ignore_case:
            search_filename = search_filename.lower()
        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
            for f in files:
                filename, extension = os.path.splitext(f)
                if ignore_case:
                    filename = filename.lower()
                if not search_filename or filename == search_filename:
                    yield (filename, extension)
            break

    fpath, fname = os.path.split(program)

    # is a path: try direct program path
    if fpath:
        if is_exe(program):
            return program
    elif "win" in sys.platform:
        # isnt a path: try fname in current directory on windows
        if is_exe(fname):
            return program

    paths = [path.strip('"') for path in os.environ.get("PATH", "").split(os.pathsep)]
    exe_exts = [ext for ext in os.environ.get("PATHEXT", "").split(os.pathsep)]
    if not case_sensitive:
        exe_exts = map(str.lower, exe_exts)

    # try append program path per directory
    for path in paths:
        exe_file = os.path.join(path, program)
        if is_exe(exe_file):
            return exe_file

    # try with known executable extensions per program path per directory
    for path in paths:
        filepath = os.path.join(path, program)
        for extension in exe_exts:
            exe_file = filepath+extension
            if is_exe(exe_file):
                return exe_file

    # try search program name with "soft" extension search
    if len(os.path.splitext(fname)[1]) == 0:
        for path in paths:
            file_exts = list_file_exts(path, fname, not case_sensitive)
            for file_ext in file_exts:
                filename = "".join(file_ext)
                exe_file = os.path.join(path, filename)
                if is_exe(exe_file):
                    return exe_file

    return None

用法如下:

>>> which.which("meld")
'C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Meld\\meld\\meld.exe'

在这种情况下，接受的解决方案不适合我，因为有像meld这样的文件。1, meld.ico, meld。Doap等也在目录中，其中一个被返回(可能是在字典顺序上先返回的)，因为接受的答案中的可执行测试是不完整的，并给出了错误的阳性结果。

增加了windows支持

def which(program):
    path_ext = [""];
    ext_list = None

    if sys.platform == "win32":
        ext_list = [ext.lower() for ext in os.environ["PATHEXT"].split(";")]

    def is_exe(fpath):
        exe = os.path.isfile(fpath) and os.access(fpath, os.X_OK)
        # search for executable under windows
        if not exe:
            if ext_list:
                for ext in ext_list:
                    exe_path = "%s%s" % (fpath,ext)
                    if os.path.isfile(exe_path) and os.access(exe_path, os.X_OK):
                        path_ext[0] = ext
                        return True
                return False
        return exe

    fpath, fname = os.path.split(program)

    if fpath:
        if is_exe(program):
            return "%s%s" % (program, path_ext[0])
    else:
        for path in os.environ["PATH"].split(os.pathsep):
            path = path.strip('"')
            exe_file = os.path.join(path, program)
            if is_exe(exe_file):
                return "%s%s" % (exe_file, path_ext[0])
    return None

使用Python标准库中的shutil.which()。 电池包括!

我知道这是一个古老的问题，但是您可以使用distutils.spawn.find_executable。从python 2.4开始就有文档记载，从python 1.6开始就存在了。

import distutils.spawn
distutils.spawn.find_executable("notepad.exe")

此外，Python 3.3现在提供了shutil.which()。