这么晚了，但最终我得到了一些东西，我已经测试了大多数设备(通过制造商和android版本)，它在android 2.2+上工作。如果您发现它不起作用，请用您的设备名称注释它。我会解决的。如果有人感兴趣，我会解释它是如何工作的。

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FilenameFilter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;

import android.util.Log;


/**
 * @author ajeet
 *05-Dec-2014  2014
 *
 */
public class StorageUtil {

    public boolean isRemovebleSDCardMounted() {
        File file = new File("/sys/class/block/");
        File[] files = file.listFiles(new MmcblkFilter("mmcblk\\d$"));
        boolean flag = false;
        for (File mmcfile : files) {
            File scrfile = new File(mmcfile, "device/scr");
            if (scrfile.exists()) {
                flag = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        return flag;
    }

    public String getRemovebleSDCardPath() throws IOException {
        String sdpath = null;
        File file = new File("/sys/class/block/");
        File[] files = file.listFiles(new MmcblkFilter("mmcblk\\d$"));
        String sdcardDevfile = null;
        for (File mmcfile : files) {
            Log.d("SDCARD", mmcfile.getAbsolutePath());
            File scrfile = new File(mmcfile, "device/scr");
            if (scrfile.exists()) {
                sdcardDevfile = mmcfile.getName();
                Log.d("SDCARD", mmcfile.getName());
                break;
            }
        }
        if (sdcardDevfile == null) {
            return null;
        }
        FileInputStream is;
        BufferedReader reader;

        files = file.listFiles(new MmcblkFilter(sdcardDevfile + "p\\d+"));
        String deviceName = null;
        if (files.length > 0) {
            Log.d("SDCARD", files[0].getAbsolutePath());
            File devfile = new File(files[0], "dev");
            if (devfile.exists()) {
                FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(devfile);
                reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fis));
                String line = reader.readLine();
                deviceName = line;
            }
            Log.d("SDCARD", "" + deviceName);
            if (deviceName == null) {
                return null;
            }
            Log.d("SDCARD", deviceName);

            final File mountFile = new File("/proc/self/mountinfo");

            if (mountFile.exists()) {
                is = new FileInputStream(mountFile);
                reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is));
                String line = null;
                while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
                    // Log.d("SDCARD", line);
                    // line = reader.readLine();
                    // Log.d("SDCARD", line);
                    String[] mPonts = line.split("\\s+");
                    if (mPonts.length > 6) {
                        if (mPonts[2].trim().equalsIgnoreCase(deviceName)) {
                            if (mPonts[4].contains(".android_secure")
                                    || mPonts[4].contains("asec")) {
                                continue;
                            }
                            sdpath = mPonts[4];
                            Log.d("SDCARD", mPonts[4]);

                        }
                    }

                }
            }

        }

        return sdpath;
    }

    static class MmcblkFilter implements FilenameFilter {
        private String pattern;

        public MmcblkFilter(String pattern) {
            this.pattern = pattern;

        }

        @Override
        public boolean accept(File dir, String filename) {
            if (filename.matches(pattern)) {
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }

    }

}

/sdcard =>内部存储(这是一个符号链接，但应该工作)

/mnt/extSdCard =>外部sd卡

这是三星Galaxy S3

你可以相信这对大多数人来说都是真的……但是要仔细检查!

根据这里找到的一些答案，我想出了以下解决方案。

代码:

public class ExternalStorage {

    public static final String SD_CARD = "sdCard";
    public static final String EXTERNAL_SD_CARD = "externalSdCard";

    /**
     * @return True if the external storage is available. False otherwise.
     */
    public static boolean isAvailable() {
        String state = Environment.getExternalStorageState();
        if (Environment.MEDIA_MOUNTED.equals(state) || Environment.MEDIA_MOUNTED_READ_ONLY.equals(state)) {
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    public static String getSdCardPath() {
        return Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory().getPath() + "/";
    }

    /**
     * @return True if the external storage is writable. False otherwise.
     */
    public static boolean isWritable() {
        String state = Environment.getExternalStorageState();
        if (Environment.MEDIA_MOUNTED.equals(state)) {
            return true;
        }
        return false;

    }

    /**
     * @return A map of all storage locations available
     */
    public static Map<String, File> getAllStorageLocations() {
        Map<String, File> map = new HashMap<String, File>(10);

        List<String> mMounts = new ArrayList<String>(10);
        List<String> mVold = new ArrayList<String>(10);
        mMounts.add("/mnt/sdcard");
        mVold.add("/mnt/sdcard");

        try {
            File mountFile = new File("/proc/mounts");
            if(mountFile.exists()){
                Scanner scanner = new Scanner(mountFile);
                while (scanner.hasNext()) {
                    String line = scanner.nextLine();
                    if (line.startsWith("/dev/block/vold/")) {
                        String[] lineElements = line.split(" ");
                        String element = lineElements[1];

                        // don't add the default mount path
                        // it's already in the list.
                        if (!element.equals("/mnt/sdcard"))
                            mMounts.add(element);
                    }
                }
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        try {
            File voldFile = new File("/system/etc/vold.fstab");
            if(voldFile.exists()){
                Scanner scanner = new Scanner(voldFile);
                while (scanner.hasNext()) {
                    String line = scanner.nextLine();
                    if (line.startsWith("dev_mount")) {
                        String[] lineElements = line.split(" ");
                        String element = lineElements[2];

                        if (element.contains(":"))
                            element = element.substring(0, element.indexOf(":"));
                        if (!element.equals("/mnt/sdcard"))
                            mVold.add(element);
                    }
                }
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }


        for (int i = 0; i < mMounts.size(); i++) {
            String mount = mMounts.get(i);
            if (!mVold.contains(mount))
                mMounts.remove(i--);
        }
        mVold.clear();

        List<String> mountHash = new ArrayList<String>(10);

        for(String mount : mMounts){
            File root = new File(mount);
            if (root.exists() && root.isDirectory() && root.canWrite()) {
                File[] list = root.listFiles();
                String hash = "[";
                if(list!=null){
                    for(File f : list){
                        hash += f.getName().hashCode()+":"+f.length()+", ";
                    }
                }
                hash += "]";
                if(!mountHash.contains(hash)){
                    String key = SD_CARD + "_" + map.size();
                    if (map.size() == 0) {
                        key = SD_CARD;
                    } else if (map.size() == 1) {
                        key = EXTERNAL_SD_CARD;
                    }
                    mountHash.add(hash);
                    map.put(key, root);
                }
            }
        }

        mMounts.clear();

        if(map.isEmpty()){
                 map.put(SD_CARD, Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory());
        }
        return map;
    }
}

用法:

Map<String, File> externalLocations = ExternalStorage.getAllStorageLocations();
File sdCard = externalLocations.get(ExternalStorage.SD_CARD);
File externalSdCard = externalLocations.get(ExternalStorage.EXTERNAL_SD_CARD);

它适用于所有外部设备，但确保只获得外部设备文件夹名，然后你需要从给定的位置使用文件类获取文件。

public static List<String> getExternalMounts() {
        final List<String> out = new ArrayList<>();
        String reg = "(?i).*vold.*(vfat|ntfs|exfat|fat32|ext3|ext4).*rw.*";
        String s = "";
        try {
            final Process process = new ProcessBuilder().command("mount")
                    .redirectErrorStream(true).start();
            process.waitFor();
            final InputStream is = process.getInputStream();
            final byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
            while (is.read(buffer) != -1) {
                s = s + new String(buffer);
            }
            is.close();
        } catch (final Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        // parse output
        final String[] lines = s.split("\n");
        for (String line : lines) {
            if (!line.toLowerCase(Locale.US).contains("asec")) {
                if (line.matches(reg)) {
                    String[] parts = line.split(" ");
                    for (String part : parts) {
                        if (part.startsWith("/"))
                            if (!part.toLowerCase(Locale.US).contains("vold"))
                                out.add(part);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return out;
    }

调用:

List<String> list=getExternalMounts();
        if(list.size()>0)
        {
            String[] arr=list.get(0).split("/");
            int size=0;
            if(arr!=null && arr.length>0) {
                size= arr.length - 1;
            }
            File parentDir=new File("/storage/"+arr[size]);
            if(parentDir.listFiles()!=null){
                File parent[] = parentDir.listFiles();

                for (int i = 0; i < parent.length; i++) {

                    // get file path as parent[i].getAbsolutePath());

                }
            }
        }

访问外部存储

为了读写外部存储上的文件，你的应用程序必须获得READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE或WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE系统权限。例如:

<manifest ...>
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />
    ...
</manifest>

通过读取/proc/mounts(标准的Linux文件)，并对vold数据(/system/etc/vold.conf)进行交叉检查，可以找到任何其他SD卡被挂载的位置。注意，Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory()返回的位置可能不会出现在vold配置中(在某些设备中，它是不能卸载的内部存储)，但仍然必须包含在列表中。然而，我们并没有找到一个向用户描述它们的好方法。

你可以尝试使用支持库函数ContextCompat.getExternalFilesDirs():

      final File[] appsDir=ContextCompat.getExternalFilesDirs(getActivity(),null);
      final ArrayList<File> extRootPaths=new ArrayList<>();
      for(final File file : appsDir)
        extRootPaths.add(file.getParentFile().getParentFile().getParentFile().getParentFile());

第一个是主要的外部存储，其余的应该是真正的sd卡路径。

使用多个“.getParentFile()”的原因是要转到另一个文件夹，因为原始路径是

.../Android/data/YOUR_APP_PACKAGE_NAME/files/

编辑:这是一个更全面的方法，我已经创建，以获得sd卡路径:

  /**
   * returns a list of all available sd cards paths, or null if not found.
   *
   * @param includePrimaryExternalStorage set to true if you wish to also include the path of the primary external storage
   */
  @TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.HONEYCOMB)
  public static List<String> getSdCardPaths(final Context context, final boolean includePrimaryExternalStorage)
    {
    final File[] externalCacheDirs=ContextCompat.getExternalCacheDirs(context);
    if(externalCacheDirs==null||externalCacheDirs.length==0)
      return null;
    if(externalCacheDirs.length==1)
      {
      if(externalCacheDirs[0]==null)
        return null;
      final String storageState=EnvironmentCompat.getStorageState(externalCacheDirs[0]);
      if(!Environment.MEDIA_MOUNTED.equals(storageState))
        return null;
      if(!includePrimaryExternalStorage&&VERSION.SDK_INT>=VERSION_CODES.HONEYCOMB&&Environment.isExternalStorageEmulated())
        return null;
      }
    final List<String> result=new ArrayList<>();
    if(includePrimaryExternalStorage||externalCacheDirs.length==1)
      result.add(getRootOfInnerSdCardFolder(externalCacheDirs[0]));
    for(int i=1;i<externalCacheDirs.length;++i)
      {
      final File file=externalCacheDirs[i];
      if(file==null)
        continue;
      final String storageState=EnvironmentCompat.getStorageState(file);
      if(Environment.MEDIA_MOUNTED.equals(storageState))
        result.add(getRootOfInnerSdCardFolder(externalCacheDirs[i]));
      }
    if(result.isEmpty())
      return null;
    return result;
    }

  /** Given any file/folder inside an sd card, this will return the path of the sd card */
  private static String getRootOfInnerSdCardFolder(File file)
    {
    if(file==null)
      return null;
    final long totalSpace=file.getTotalSpace();
    while(true)
      {
      final File parentFile=file.getParentFile();
      if(parentFile==null||parentFile.getTotalSpace()!=totalSpace||!parentFile.canRead())
        return file.getAbsolutePath();
      file=parentFile;
      }
    }

编辑:这里有更好的解决方案:

https://stackoverflow.com/a/27197248/878126