在下面的示例代码中,我想获取函数worker的返回值。我该怎么做呢?这个值存储在哪里?

示例代码:

import multiprocessing

def worker(procnum):
    '''worker function'''
    print str(procnum) + ' represent!'
    return procnum


if __name__ == '__main__':
    jobs = []
    for i in range(5):
        p = multiprocessing.Process(target=worker, args=(i,))
        jobs.append(p)
        p.start()

    for proc in jobs:
        proc.join()
    print jobs

输出:

0 represent!
1 represent!
2 represent!
3 represent!
4 represent!
[<Process(Process-1, stopped)>, <Process(Process-2, stopped)>, <Process(Process-3, stopped)>, <Process(Process-4, stopped)>, <Process(Process-5, stopped)>]

我似乎无法在存储在作业中的对象中找到相关属性。


当前回答

使用共享变量进行通信。比如这样:

import multiprocessing


def worker(procnum, return_dict):
    """worker function"""
    print(str(procnum) + " represent!")
    return_dict[procnum] = procnum


if __name__ == "__main__":
    manager = multiprocessing.Manager()
    return_dict = manager.dict()
    jobs = []
    for i in range(5):
        p = multiprocessing.Process(target=worker, args=(i, return_dict))
        jobs.append(p)
        p.start()

    for proc in jobs:
        proc.join()
    print(return_dict.values())

其他回答

你可以使用ProcessPoolExecutor从函数中获取一个返回值,如下所示:

from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor

def test(num1, num2):
    return num1 + num2

with ProcessPoolExecutor() as executor:
    feature = executor.submit(test, 2, 3)
    print(feature.result()) # 5

使用共享变量进行通信。比如这样:

import multiprocessing


def worker(procnum, return_dict):
    """worker function"""
    print(str(procnum) + " represent!")
    return_dict[procnum] = procnum


if __name__ == "__main__":
    manager = multiprocessing.Manager()
    return_dict = manager.dict()
    jobs = []
    for i in range(5):
        p = multiprocessing.Process(target=worker, args=(i, return_dict))
        jobs.append(p)
        p.start()

    for proc in jobs:
        proc.join()
    print(return_dict.values())

我想我应该简化上面复制的最简单的例子,在Py3.6上为我工作。最简单的是多处理。池:

import multiprocessing
import time

def worker(x):
    time.sleep(1)
    return x

pool = multiprocessing.Pool()
print(pool.map(worker, range(10)))

您可以设置池中的进程数,例如,pool (processes=5)。但是,它默认为CPU计数,因此对于CPU受限的任务,请将其保留为空。(I/ o绑定的任务通常适合线程,因为线程大部分都在等待,所以可以共享一个CPU内核。)Pool还应用了分块优化。

(注意,工作方法不能嵌套在方法中。我最初在调用池的方法中定义了工作方法。map,以保持它完全自包含,但随后进程无法导入它,并抛出“AttributeError: Can't pickle local object outer_method..inner_method”。更多的在这里。它可以在类内部。)

(欣赏原文问题指定打印’代表!'而不是time.sleep(),但没有它,我认为一些代码是并发运行时,它不是。)


Py3的ProcessPoolExecutor也是两行(。Map返回一个生成器,所以你需要list()):

from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor
with ProcessPoolExecutor() as executor:
    print(list(executor.map(worker, range(10))))

使用普通流程:

import multiprocessing
import time

def worker(x, queue):
    time.sleep(1)
    queue.put(x)

queue = multiprocessing.SimpleQueue()
tasks = range(10)

for task in tasks:
    multiprocessing.Process(target=worker, args=(task, queue,)).start()

for _ in tasks:
    print(queue.get())

如果您所需要的只是放置和获取,请使用SimpleQueue。在第二个循环进入阻塞队列之前,第一个循环启动所有进程。得到调用。我认为没有任何理由也调用p.join()。

出于某种原因,我找不到一个通用的例子,如何做到这一点与队列在任何地方(甚至Python的文档示例不会产生多个进程),所以这是我得到的工作后,10次尝试:

from multiprocessing import Process, Queue

def add_helper(queue, arg1, arg2): # the func called in child processes
    ret = arg1 + arg2
    queue.put(ret)

def multi_add(): # spawns child processes
    q = Queue()
    processes = []
    rets = []
    for _ in range(0, 100):
        p = Process(target=add_helper, args=(q, 1, 2))
        processes.append(p)
        p.start()
    for p in processes:
        ret = q.get() # will block
        rets.append(ret)
    for p in processes:
        p.join()
    return rets

Queue是一个阻塞的、线程安全的队列,您可以使用它来存储来自子进程的返回值。因此,您必须将队列传递给每个进程。这里不太明显的一点是,您必须在加入进程之前从队列中获取(),否则队列将被填满并阻塞所有内容。

面向对象的更新(在Python 3.4中测试):

from multiprocessing import Process, Queue

class Multiprocessor():

    def __init__(self):
        self.processes = []
        self.queue = Queue()

    @staticmethod
    def _wrapper(func, queue, args, kwargs):
        ret = func(*args, **kwargs)
        queue.put(ret)

    def run(self, func, *args, **kwargs):
        args2 = [func, self.queue, args, kwargs]
        p = Process(target=self._wrapper, args=args2)
        self.processes.append(p)
        p.start()

    def wait(self):
        rets = []
        for p in self.processes:
            ret = self.queue.get()
            rets.append(ret)
        for p in self.processes:
            p.join()
        return rets

# tester
if __name__ == "__main__":
    mp = Multiprocessor()
    num_proc = 64
    for _ in range(num_proc): # queue up multiple tasks running `sum`
        mp.run(sum, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
    ret = mp.wait() # get all results
    print(ret)
    assert len(ret) == num_proc and all(r == 15 for r in ret)

一个简单的解决方案:

import multiprocessing

output=[]
data = range(0,10)

def f(x):
    return x**2

def handler():
    p = multiprocessing.Pool(64)
    r=p.map(f, data)
    return r

if __name__ == '__main__':
    output.append(handler())

print(output[0])

输出:

[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]