我想更好地理解其中的区别。我在网上找到了很多解释,但它们都倾向于抽象的差异,而不是实际的含义。
Most of my programming experiences has been with CPython (dynamic, interpreted), and Java (static, compiled). However, I understand that there are other kinds of interpreted and compiled languages. Aside from the fact that executable files can be distributed from programs written in compiled languages, are there any advantages/disadvantages to each type? Oftentimes, I hear people arguing that interpreted languages can be used interactively, but I believe that compiled languages can have interactive implementations as well, correct?
编译语言是这样一种语言:程序一旦编译,就用目标机器的指令来表达。例如,源代码中的加法“+”操作可以直接转换为机器代码中的“ADD”指令。
解释型语言是指指令不直接由目标机器执行,而是由其他程序(通常用本机语言编写)读取和执行的语言。例如,相同的“+”操作将在运行时被解释器识别,然后调用它自己的“add(a,b)”函数,并使用适当的参数,然后执行机器代码“add”指令。
你可以在编译语言中做你在解释语言中可以做的任何事情,反之亦然——它们都是图灵完备的。然而,这两种方法在实施和使用方面都有优点和缺点。
我将完全概括(纯粹主义者原谅我!),但大致来说,以下是编译语言的优点:
通过直接使用目标计算机的本机代码获得更快的性能
有机会在编译阶段应用相当强大的优化
下面是解释型语言的优点:
更容易实现(编写好的编译器非常困难!!)
不需要运行编译阶段:可以直接“动态”执行代码
是否可以更方便地使用动态语言
注意,字节码编译等现代技术增加了一些额外的复杂性——这里发生的情况是,编译器的目标是一个与底层硬件不同的“虚拟机”。这些虚拟机指令可以在稍后阶段再次编译,以获得本机代码(例如,由Java JVM JIT编译器完成)。
编译器和解释器做同样的工作:将一种编程语言翻译成另一种编程语言,通常更接近硬件,通常是直接可执行的机器代码。
Traditionally, "compiled" means that this translation happens all in one go, is done by a developer, and the resulting executable is distributed to users. Pure example: C++.
Compilation usually takes pretty long and tries to do lots of expensive optmization so that the resulting executable runs faster. End users don't have the tools and knowledge to compile stuff themselves, and the executable often has to run on a variety of hardware, so you can't do many hardware-specific optimizations. During development, the separate compilation step means a longer feedback cycle.
Traditionally, "interpreted" means that the translation happens "on the fly", when the user wants to run the program. Pure example: vanilla PHP. A naive interpreter has to parse and translate every piece of code every time it runs, which makes it very slow. It can't do complex, costly optimizations because they'd take longer than the time saved in execution. But it can fully use the capabilities of the hardware it runs on. The lack of a separrate compilation step reduces feedback time during development.
But nowadays "compiled vs. interpreted" is not a black-or-white issue, there are shades in between. Naive, simple interpreters are pretty much extinct. Many languages use a two-step process where the high-level code is translated to a platform-independant bytecode (which is much faster to interpret). Then you have "just in time compilers" which compile code at most once per program run, sometimes cache results, and even intelligently decide to interpret code that's run rarely, and do powerful optimizations for code that runs a lot. During development, debuggers are capable of switching code inside a running program even for traditionally compiled languages.