我如何知道是否在Bash中设置了变量?

例如,如何检查用户是否向函数提供了第一个参数?

function a {
    # if $1 is set ?
}

当前回答

用于检查变量是否已声明/未设置的函数

包括空$array=()

以下函数测试给定名称是否作为变量存在

# The first parameter needs to be the name of the variable to be checked.
# (See example below)

var_is_declared() {
    { [[ -n ${!1+anything} ]] || declare -p $1 &>/dev/null;}
}

var_is_unset() {
    { [[ -z ${!1+anything} ]] && ! declare -p $1 &>/dev/null;} 
}

通过首先测试变量是否已(未)设置,可以避免对声明的调用(如果不需要的话)。然而,如果$1包含空$array=()的名称,则调用声明将确保获得正确的结果传递给/dev/null的数据不多,因为只有在变量未设置或为空数组时才会调用declare。

该功能将在以下条件下进行测试:

a、 #未声明a=;#已声明a=“foo”;#已声明a=();#已声明a=(“”);#已声明取消设置a;#未声明a、 #未设置a=;#未设置a=“foo”;#未设置a=();#未设置a=(“”);#未设置取消设置a;#未设置

.

有关详细信息一个测试脚本可以看到我对“如何检查bash中是否存在变量?”问题的回答。备注:declare-p的类似用法,正如Peregring lk的答案所示,确实是巧合。否则我当然会把它归功于你!

其他回答

以下是如何测试参数是否未设置、是否为空(“Null”)或是否设置了值:

+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|   Expression       |       parameter      |     parameter   |    parameter    |
|   in script:       |   Set and Not Null   |   Set But Null  |      Unset      |
+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| ${parameter:-word} | substitute parameter | substitute word | substitute word |
| ${parameter-word}  | substitute parameter | substitute null | substitute word |
| ${parameter:=word} | substitute parameter | assign word     | assign word     |
| ${parameter=word}  | substitute parameter | substitute null | assign word     |
| ${parameter:?word} | substitute parameter | error, exit     | error, exit     |
| ${parameter?word}  | substitute parameter | substitute null | error, exit     |
| ${parameter:+word} | substitute word      | substitute null | substitute null |
| ${parameter+word}  | substitute word      | substitute word | substitute null |
+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------+

来源:POSIX:参数扩展:

在所有显示为“替换”的情况下,表达式将替换为显示的值。在所有显示为“assign”的情况下,参数都被指定该值,该值也会替换表达式。

要在操作中显示此内容,请执行以下操作:

+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|   Expression       |  When FOO="world"    |  When FOO=""    |    unset FOO    |
|   in script:       |  (Set and Not Null)  |  (Set But Null) |     (Unset)     |
+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| ${FOO:-hello}      | world                | hello           | hello           |
| ${FOO-hello}       | world                | ""              | hello           |
| ${FOO:=hello}      | world                | FOO=hello       | FOO=hello       |
| ${FOO=hello}       | world                | ""              | FOO=hello       |
| ${FOO:?hello}      | world                | error, exit     | error, exit     |
| ${FOO?hello}       | world                | ""              | error, exit     |
| ${FOO:+hello}      | hello                | ""              | ""              |
| ${FOO+hello}       | hello                | hello           | ""              |
+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
if [ "$1" != "" ]; then
  echo \$1 is set
else
  echo \$1 is not set
fi

尽管对于参数,通常最好测试$#,我认为这是参数的数量。

if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then
  echo \$1 is set
else
  echo \$1 is not set
fi

我很惊讶没有人尝试编写一个shell脚本来以编程方式生成这个臭名昭著的难以摸索的表。既然我们在这里试图学习编码技术,为什么不用代码表达答案?:)这是我的看法(应该在任何POSIX shell中都适用):

H="+-%s-+-%s----+-%s----+-%s--+\n"       # table divider printf format
R="| %-10s | %-10s | %-10s | %-10s |\n"  # table row printf format

S='V'     # S is a variable that is set-and-not-null
N=''      # N is a variable that is set-but-null (empty "")
unset U   # U is a variable that is unset

printf "$H" "----------" "-------" "-------" "---------";
printf "$R" "expression" "FOO='V'" "FOO='' " "unset FOO";
printf "$H" "----------" "-------" "-------" "---------";
printf "$R" "\${FOO:-x}" "${S:-x}" "${N:-x}" "${U:-x}  "; S='V';N='';unset U
printf "$R" "\${FOO-x} " "${S-x} " "${N-x} " "${U-x}   "; S='V';N='';unset U
printf "$R" "\${FOO:=x}" "${S:=x}" "${N:=x}" "${U:=x}  "; S='V';N='';unset U
printf "$R" "\${FOO=x} " "${S=x} " "${N=x} " "${U=x}   "; S='V';N='';unset U
#                                  "${N:?x}" "${U:?x}  "
printf "$R" "\${FOO:?x}" "${S:?x}" "<error>" "<error>  "; S='V';N='';unset U
#                                            "${U?x}   "
printf "$R" "\${FOO?x} " "${S?x} " "${N?x} " "<error>  "; S='V';N='';unset U
printf "$R" "\${FOO:+x}" "${S:+x}" "${N:+x}" "${U:+x}  "; S='V';N='';unset U
printf "$R" "\${FOO+x} " "${S+x} " "${N+x} " "${U+x}   "; S='V';N='';unset U
printf "$H" "----------" "-------" "-------" "---------";

以及运行脚本的输出:

+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| expression | FOO='V'    | FOO=''     | unset FOO  |
+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| ${FOO:-x}  | V          | x          | x          |
| ${FOO-x}   | V          |            | x          |
| ${FOO:=x}  | V          | x          | x          |
| ${FOO=x}   | V          |            | x          |
| ${FOO:?x}  | V          | <error>    | <error>    |
| ${FOO?x}   | V          |            | <error>    |
| ${FOO:+x}  | x          |            |            |
| ${FOO+x}   | x          | x          |            |
+------------+------------+------------+------------+

该脚本缺少了一些功能,比如在发生(或不发生)副作用分配时显示,但也许其他更有野心的人希望以此为出发点,并以此为出发。

如果未设置,则要退出

这对我很有用。如果没有设置参数,我希望脚本退出并显示错误消息。

#!/usr/bin/env bash

set -o errexit

# Get the value and empty validation check all in one
VER="${1:?You must pass a version of the format 0.0.0 as the only argument}"

运行时返回错误

peek@peek:~$ ./setver.sh
./setver.sh: line 13: 1: You must pass a version of the format 0.0.0 as the only argument

仅检查,不退出-空和未设置无效

如果您只想检查值set=VALID或unset/empty=INVALID,请尝试此选项。

TSET="good val"
TEMPTY=""
unset TUNSET

if [ "${TSET:-}" ]; then echo "VALID"; else echo "INVALID";fi
# VALID
if [ "${TEMPTY:-}" ]; then echo "VALID"; else echo "INVALID";fi
# INVALID
if [ "${TUNSET:-}" ]; then echo "VALID"; else echo "INVALID";fi
# INVALID

或者,即使是短期测试;-)

[ "${TSET:-}"   ] && echo "VALID" || echo "INVALID"
[ "${TEMPTY:-}" ] && echo "VALID" || echo "INVALID"
[ "${TUNSET:-}" ] && echo "VALID" || echo "INVALID"

仅检查,不退出-仅空为无效

这就是问题的答案。如果您只想检查值set/empty=VALID或unset=INVALID,请使用此选项。

注意,“..-1}”中的“1”无关紧要,它可以是任何东西(比如x)

TSET="good val"
TEMPTY=""
unset TUNSET

if [ "${TSET+1}" ]; then echo "VALID"; else echo "INVALID";fi
# VALID
if [ "${TEMPTY+1}" ]; then echo "VALID"; else echo "INVALID";fi
# VALID
if [ "${TUNSET+1}" ]; then echo "VALID"; else echo "INVALID";fi
# INVALID

短期测试

[ "${TSET+1}"   ] && echo "VALID" || echo "INVALID"
[ "${TEMPTY+1}" ] && echo "VALID" || echo "INVALID"
[ "${TUNSET+1}" ] && echo "VALID" || echo "INVALID"

我把这个答案献给了@mklement0(comments),他要求我准确回答这个问题。

参考:2.6.2参数扩展

如果你和我一样,你所寻找的其实是

“如果设置了变量,bash仅运行命令”

你希望这是一行,所以下面这行是你想要的

仅适用于Bash 4.2或更高版本

仅在设置时运行

if [[ -v mytest ]]; then echo "this runs only if variable is set"; fi

仅在未设置时运行

if [[ ! -v mytest2 ]]; then echo "this runs only if variable is not set"; fi