在现代版本的Bash（我认为是4.2或更高版本；我不确定）上，我会这样做：

if [ ! -v SOMEVARIABLE ] #note the lack of a $ sigil
then
    echo "Variable is unset"
elif [ -z "$SOMEVARIABLE" ]
then
    echo "Variable is set to an empty string"
else
    echo "Variable is set to some string"
fi

要检查变量是否设置为非空值，请使用[-n“$x”]，正如其他人已经指出的那样。

大多数情况下，最好将具有空值的变量与未设置的变量以相同的方式处理。但如果需要，您可以区分这两个：[-n“${x+set}”]（如果设置了x，则“${x+set}”扩展为set，如果未设置x，则扩展为空字符串）。

要检查是否传递了参数，请测试$#，这是传递给函数（或不在函数中时传递给脚本）的参数数（请参见Paul的答案）。

以下是如何测试参数是否未设置、是否为空（“Null”）或是否设置了值：

+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|   Expression       |       parameter      |     parameter   |    parameter    |
|   in script:       |   Set and Not Null   |   Set But Null  |      Unset      |
+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| ${parameter:-word} | substitute parameter | substitute word | substitute word |
| ${parameter-word}  | substitute parameter | substitute null | substitute word |
| ${parameter:=word} | substitute parameter | assign word     | assign word     |
| ${parameter=word}  | substitute parameter | substitute null | assign word     |
| ${parameter:?word} | substitute parameter | error, exit     | error, exit     |
| ${parameter?word}  | substitute parameter | substitute null | error, exit     |
| ${parameter:+word} | substitute word      | substitute null | substitute null |
| ${parameter+word}  | substitute word      | substitute word | substitute null |
+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------+

来源：POSIX：参数扩展：

在所有显示为“替换”的情况下，表达式将替换为显示的值。在所有显示为“assign”的情况下，参数都被指定该值，该值也会替换表达式。

要在操作中显示此内容，请执行以下操作：

+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|   Expression       |  When FOO="world"    |  When FOO=""    |    unset FOO    |
|   in script:       |  (Set and Not Null)  |  (Set But Null) |     (Unset)     |
+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| ${FOO:-hello}      | world                | hello           | hello           |
| ${FOO-hello}       | world                | ""              | hello           |
| ${FOO:=hello}      | world                | FOO=hello       | FOO=hello       |
| ${FOO=hello}       | world                | ""              | FOO=hello       |
| ${FOO:?hello}      | world                | error, exit     | error, exit     |
| ${FOO?hello}       | world                | ""              | error, exit     |
| ${FOO:+hello}      | hello                | ""              | ""              |
| ${FOO+hello}       | hello                | hello           | ""              |
+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------+

如果你和我一样，你所寻找的其实是

“如果设置了变量，bash仅运行命令”

你希望这是一行，所以下面这行是你想要的

仅适用于Bash 4.2或更高版本

仅在设置时运行

if [[ -v mytest ]]; then echo "this runs only if variable is set"; fi

仅在未设置时运行

if [[ ! -v mytest2 ]]; then echo "this runs only if variable is not set"; fi

当启用Bash选项集-u时，上面的答案不起作用。此外，它们不是动态的，例如，如何测试是否定义了名为“dummy”的变量？试试看：

is_var_defined()
{
    if [ $# -ne 1 ]
    then
        echo "Expected exactly one argument: variable name as string, e.g., 'my_var'"
        exit 1
    fi
    # Tricky.  Since Bash option 'set -u' may be enabled, we cannot directly test if a variable
    # is defined with this construct: [ ! -z "$var" ].  Instead, we must use default value
    # substitution with this construct: [ ! -z "${var:-}" ].  Normally, a default value follows the
    # operator ':-', but here we leave it blank for empty (null) string.  Finally, we need to
    # substitute the text from $1 as 'var'.  This is not allowed directly in Bash with this
    # construct: [ ! -z "${$1:-}" ].  We need to use indirection with eval operator.
    # Example: $1="var"
    # Expansion for eval operator: "[ ! -z \${$1:-} ]" -> "[ ! -z \${var:-} ]"
    # Code  execute: [ ! -z ${var:-} ]
    eval "[ ! -z \${$1:-} ]"
    return $?  # Pedantic.
}

相关：在Bash中，如何测试变量是否以“-u”模式定义

对于那些希望在使用set-u的脚本中检查未设置或空的脚本：

if [ -z "${var-}" ]; then
   echo "Must provide var environment variable. Exiting...."
   exit 1
fi

常规[-z“$var”]检查将因var而失败；未绑定变量如果设置-u但[-z“${var-}”]如果var未设置而不失败，则扩展为空字符串。