重要提示:这个答案来自2016年，现在可能已经过时了。JavaScript总体上，特别是Node.js进步了很多，现在提供了更多的语法可能性来实现相同的结果。下面的内容是出于历史原因而保留的，只是为了以防有人正在处理遗留的Node.js版本。

最初的回答:

为了完整起见——因为之前的回答都没有提到这个方法——如果你正在使用Node.js，不必关心浏览器兼容性，那么使用内置的util模块继承(官方文档在这里)就很容易达到预期的效果。

例如，假设你想要创建一个自定义错误类，将错误代码作为第一个参数，错误消息作为第二个参数:

文件custom-error.js:

'use strict';

var util = require('util');

function CustomError(code, message) {
  Error.captureStackTrace(this, CustomError);
  this.name = CustomError.name;
  this.code = code;
  this.message = message;
}

util.inherits(CustomError, Error);

module.exports = CustomError;

现在你可以实例化并传递/抛出你的CustomError:

var CustomError = require('./path/to/custom-error');

// pass as the first argument to your callback
callback(new CustomError(404, 'Not found!'));

// or, if you are working with try/catch, throw it
throw new CustomError(500, 'Server Error!');

注意，对于这个代码片段，堆栈跟踪将具有正确的文件名和行，错误实例将具有正确的名称!

这是由于使用了captureStackTrace方法，该方法在目标对象上创建了一个堆栈属性(在本例中，实例化了CustomError)。有关它如何工作的更多细节，请查看这里的文档。

Mohsen has a great answer above in ES6 that sets the name, but if you're using TypeScript or if you're living in the future where hopefully this proposal for public and private class fields has moved past stage 3 as a proposal and made it into stage 4 as part of ECMAScript/JavaScript then you might want to know this is then just a little bit shorter. Stage 3 is where browsers start implementing features, so if your browser supports it the code below just might work. (Tested in the new Edge browser v81 it seems to work fine). Be warned though this is an unstable feature at the moment and should be used cautiously and you should always check browser support on unstable features. This post is mainly for those future dwellers when browsers might support this. To check support check MDN and Can I use. It's currently got 66% support across the browser market which is getting there but not that great so if you really want to use it now and don't want to wait either use a transpiler like Babel or something like TypeScript.

类EOFError扩展错误{ name = " EOFError " ｝ 抛出新的EOFError("Oops error ");

将此与一个无名错误进行比较，该错误在抛出时不会记录其名称。

类NamelessEOFError扩展错误{} 抛出新的NamelessEOFError("Oops error ");

简而言之:

如果你使用的是不带转译器的ES6: 类CustomError扩展错误{/*…* /} 如果你正在使用Babel转译器:

选项1:使用babel-plugin-transform-builtin-extend

选项2:自己动手(灵感来自同一个库)

    function CustomError(...args) {
      const instance = Reflect.construct(Error, args);
      Reflect.setPrototypeOf(instance, Reflect.getPrototypeOf(this));
      return instance;
    }
    CustomError.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype, {
      constructor: {
        value: Error,
        enumerable: false,
        writable: true,
        configurable: true
      }
    });
    Reflect.setPrototypeOf(CustomError, Error);

If you are using pure ES5: function CustomError(message, fileName, lineNumber) { var instance = new Error(message, fileName, lineNumber); Object.setPrototypeOf(instance, Object.getPrototypeOf(this)); return instance; } CustomError.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype, { constructor: { value: Error, enumerable: false, writable: true, configurable: true } }); if (Object.setPrototypeOf){ Object.setPrototypeOf(CustomError, Error); } else { CustomError.__proto__ = Error; } Alternative: use Classtrophobic framework

解释:

为什么使用ES6和Babel扩展Error类是一个问题?

因为CustomError的实例不再被这样识别。

class CustomError extends Error {}
console.log(new CustomError('test') instanceof Error);// true
console.log(new CustomError('test') instanceof CustomError);// false

事实上，在Babel的官方文档中，你不能扩展任何内置的JavaScript类，如Date、Array、DOM或Error。

问题描述如下:

本机扩展破坏HTMLELement, Array和其他 类的一个对象，它扩展了基类型如数组，数字，对象，字符串或错误不是这个类的实例

那么其他的SO答案呢?

所有给出的答案都修复了instanceof问题，但你会失去常规的错误console.log:

console.log(new CustomError('test'));
// output:
// CustomError {name: "MyError", message: "test", stack: "Error↵    at CustomError (<anonymous>:4:19)↵    at <anonymous>:1:5"}

而使用上面提到的方法，不仅可以修复instanceof问题，还可以保留常规的error console.log:

console.log(new CustomError('test'));
// output:
// Error: test
//     at CustomError (<anonymous>:2:32)
//     at <anonymous>:1:5

就像有些人说的，ES6很简单:

class CustomError extends Error { }

所以我在我的应用程序(Angular, Typescript)中尝试了这个，但它不起作用。经过一段时间后，我发现问题来自Typescript:O

参见https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/13965

这很令人不安，因为如果你这样做:

class CustomError extends Error {}
​

try {
  throw new CustomError()
} catch(e) {
  if (e instanceof CustomError) {
    console.log('Custom error');
  } else {
    console.log('Basic error');
  }
}

在节点中或直接在浏览器中显示:自定义错误

尝试在你的项目中使用Typescript在Typescript游乐场上运行，它会显示基本错误…

解决方法如下:

class CustomError extends Error {
  // we have to do the following because of: https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/13965
  // otherwise we cannot use instanceof later to catch a given type
  public __proto__: Error;

  constructor(message?: string) {
    const trueProto = new.target.prototype;
    super(message);

    this.__proto__ = trueProto;
  }
}

除了标准的message属性，JavaScript现在支持将特定的错误原因作为可选参数添加到error构造函数中:

const error1 = new Error('Error one');
const error2 = new Error('Error two', { cause: error1 });
// error2.cause === error1

在节点v16.9.0中提供。 适用于Chrome, Firefox和Safari(见浏览器兼容性版本)

正如其他人所说，在Node中，这很简单:

class DumbError extends Error {
    constructor(foo = 'bar', ...params) {
        super(...params);

        if (Error.captureStackTrace) {
            Error.captureStackTrace(this, DumbError);
        }

        this.name = 'DumbError';

        this.foo = foo;
        this.date = new Date();
    }
}

try {
    let x = 3;
    if (x < 10) {
        throw new DumbError();
    }
} catch (error) {
    console.log(error);
}