只是因为我还没见过这么小的字典，这里有一个词典，你想怎么嵌套就怎么嵌套，毫不费力:

# yo dawg, i heard you liked dicts                                                                      
def yodict():
    return defaultdict(yodict)

我也有类似的事情。我有很多这样的案例:

thedict = {}
for item in ('foo', 'bar', 'baz'):
  mydict = thedict.get(item, {})
  mydict = get_value_for(item)
  thedict[item] = mydict

但要深入很多层次。这是“。”Get (item，{})"，这是一个键，因为如果已经没有字典，它将创建另一个字典。与此同时，我一直在想办法对付 这个更好。现在，有很多

value = mydict.get('foo', {}).get('bar', {}).get('baz', 0)

所以，我做了:

def dictgetter(thedict, default, *args):
  totalargs = len(args)
  for i,arg in enumerate(args):
    if i+1 == totalargs:
      thedict = thedict.get(arg, default)
    else:
      thedict = thedict.get(arg, {})
  return thedict

如果你这样做，效果是一样的:

value = dictgetter(mydict, 0, 'foo', 'bar', 'baz')

更好吗?我想是的。

class JobDb(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.data = []
        self.all = set()
        self.free = []
        self.index1 = {}
        self.index2 = {}
        self.index3 = {}

    def _indices(self,(key1,key2,key3)):
        indices = self.all.copy()
        wild = False
        for index,key in ((self.index1,key1),(self.index2,key2),
                                             (self.index3,key3)):
            if key is not None:
                indices &= index.setdefault(key,set())
            else:
                wild = True
        return indices, wild

    def __getitem__(self,key):
        indices, wild = self._indices(key)
        if wild:
            return dict(self.data[i] for i in indices)
        else:
            values = [self.data[i][-1] for i in indices]
            if values:
                return values[0]

    def __setitem__(self,key,value):
        indices, wild = self._indices(key)
        if indices:
            for i in indices:
                self.data[i] = key,value
        elif wild:
            raise KeyError(k)
        else:
            if self.free:
                index = self.free.pop(0)
                self.data[index] = key,value
            else:
                index = len(self.data)
                self.data.append((key,value))
                self.all.add(index)
            self.index1.setdefault(key[0],set()).add(index)
            self.index2.setdefault(key[1],set()).add(index)
            self.index3.setdefault(key[2],set()).add(index)

    def __delitem__(self,key):
        indices,wild = self._indices(key)
        if not indices:
            raise KeyError
        self.index1[key[0]] -= indices
        self.index2[key[1]] -= indices
        self.index3[key[2]] -= indices
        self.all -= indices
        for i in indices:
            self.data[i] = None
        self.free.extend(indices)

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.all)

    def __iter__(self):
        for key,value in self.data:
            yield key

例子:

>>> db = JobDb()
>>> db['new jersey', 'mercer county', 'plumbers'] = 3
>>> db['new jersey', 'mercer county', 'programmers'] = 81
>>> db['new jersey', 'middlesex county', 'programmers'] = 81
>>> db['new jersey', 'middlesex county', 'salesmen'] = 62
>>> db['new york', 'queens county', 'plumbers'] = 9
>>> db['new york', 'queens county', 'salesmen'] = 36

>>> db['new york', None, None]
{('new york', 'queens county', 'plumbers'): 9,
 ('new york', 'queens county', 'salesmen'): 36}

>>> db[None, None, 'plumbers']
{('new jersey', 'mercer county', 'plumbers'): 3,
 ('new york', 'queens county', 'plumbers'): 9}

>>> db['new jersey', 'mercer county', None]
{('new jersey', 'mercer county', 'plumbers'): 3,
 ('new jersey', 'mercer county', 'programmers'): 81}

>>> db['new jersey', 'middlesex county', 'programmers']
81

>>>

编辑:现在使用通配符(None)查询时返回字典，否则返回单值。

可以对Collections.defaultdict进行子类化以生成嵌套的dict。然后向该类添加任何有用的迭代方法。

>>> from collections import defaultdict
>>> class nesteddict(defaultdict):
    def __init__(self):
        defaultdict.__init__(self, nesteddict)
    def walk(self):
        for key, value in self.iteritems():
            if isinstance(value, nesteddict):
                for tup in value.walk():
                    yield (key,) + tup
            else:
                yield key, value


>>> nd = nesteddict()
>>> nd['new jersey']['mercer county']['plumbers'] = 3
>>> nd['new jersey']['mercer county']['programmers'] = 81
>>> nd['new jersey']['middlesex county']['programmers'] = 81
>>> nd['new jersey']['middlesex county']['salesmen'] = 62
>>> nd['new york']['queens county']['plumbers'] = 9
>>> nd['new york']['queens county']['salesmen'] = 36
>>> for tup in nd.walk():
    print tup


('new jersey', 'mercer county', 'programmers', 81)
('new jersey', 'mercer county', 'plumbers', 3)
('new jersey', 'middlesex county', 'programmers', 81)
('new jersey', 'middlesex county', 'salesmen', 62)
('new york', 'queens county', 'salesmen', 36)
('new york', 'queens county', 'plumbers', 9)

对于下面(从上面复制)，是否有一种方法来实现append函数。我试图使用嵌套字典存储值作为数组。

class Vividict(dict):
    def __missing__(self, key):
        value = self[key] = type(self)() # retain local pointer to value
    return value  

我目前的实现如下:

totalGeneHash=Vividict()
        
for keys in GenHash:
    for second in GenHash[keys]:
        if keys in sampleHash:
            total_val = GenHash[keys][second]
                totalGeneHash[gene][keys].append(total_val)
This is the error I get: AttributeError: 'Vividict' object has no attribute 'append'

我以前用过这个函数。安全、快捷、易于维护。

def deep_get(dictionary, keys, default=None):
    return reduce(lambda d, key: d.get(key, default) if isinstance(d, dict) else default, keys.split("."), dictionary)

例子:

>>> from functools import reduce
>>> def deep_get(dictionary, keys, default=None):
...     return reduce(lambda d, key: d.get(key, default) if isinstance(d, dict) else default, keys.split("."), dictionary)
...
>>> person = {'person':{'name':{'first':'John'}}}
>>> print (deep_get(person, "person.name.first"))
John
>>> print (deep_get(person, "person.name.lastname"))
None
>>> print (deep_get(person, "person.name.lastname", default="No lastname"))
No lastname
>>>