使用Callable而不是Thread，然后你可以调用Future#get()，它会抛出Callable抛出的任何异常。

如果你实现Thread。在启动线程的类UncaughtExceptionHandler中，你可以设置并重新抛出异常:

public final class ThreadStarter implements Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler{

private volatile Throwable initException;

    public void doSomeInit(){
        Thread t = new Thread(){
            @Override
            public void run() {
              throw new RuntimeException("UNCAUGHT");
            }
        };
        t.setUncaughtExceptionHandler(this);

        t.start();
        t.join();

        if (initException != null){
            throw new RuntimeException(initException);
        }

    }

    @Override
    public void uncaughtException(Thread t, Throwable e) {
        initException =  e;
    }    

}

这将导致以下输出:

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.RuntimeException: java.lang.RuntimeException: UNCAUGHT
    at com.gs.gss.ccsp.enrichments.ThreadStarter.doSomeInit(ThreadStarter.java:24)
    at com.gs.gss.ccsp.enrichments.ThreadStarter.main(ThreadStarter.java:38)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597)
    at com.intellij.rt.execution.application.AppMain.main(AppMain.java:120)
Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: UNCAUGHT
    at com.gs.gss.ccsp.enrichments.ThreadStarter$1.run(ThreadStarter.java:15)

我也遇到过同样的问题……很少的工作(只用于实现而不是匿名对象)…我们可以将类级异常对象声明为null…然后在catch块for run方法中初始化它…如果在run方法中有错误，这个变量不会为空。然后，我们可以对这个特定的变量进行空检查，如果它不是空，那么线程执行内部就有异常。

class TestClass implements Runnable{
    private Exception ex;

        @Override
        public void run() {
            try{
                //business code
               }catch(Exception e){
                   ex=e;
               }
          }

      public void checkForException() throws Exception {
            if (ex!= null) {
                throw ex;
            }
        }
}     

join()后调用checkForException()

我用RxJava的解决方案:

@Test(expectedExceptions = TestException.class)
public void testGetNonexistentEntry() throws Exception
{
    // using this to work around the limitation where the errors in onError (in subscribe method)
    // cannot be thrown out to the main thread
    AtomicReference<Exception> ex = new AtomicReference<>();
    URI id = getRandomUri();
    canonicalMedia.setId(id);

    client.get(id.toString())
        .subscribe(
            m ->
                fail("Should not be successful"),
            e ->
                ex.set(new TestException()));

    for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
    {
        if(ex.get() != null)
            throw ex.get();
        else
            Thread.sleep(1000);
    }
    Assert.fail("Cannot find the exception to throw.");
}

使用Callable而不是Thread，然后你可以调用Future#get()，它会抛出Callable抛出的任何异常。

同样在Java 8中，你可以把Dan Cruz的答案写成:

Thread t = new Thread(()->{
            System.out.println("Sleeping ...");
            try {
                Thread.sleep(1000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                System.out.println("Interrupted.");
            }
            System.out.println("Throwing exception ...");
            throw new RuntimeException(); });


t.setUncaughtExceptionHandler((th, ex)-> log(String.format("Exception in thread %d id: %s", th.getId(), ex)));
t.start();