之前的很多回答都没有提供抽象工厂和工厂方法模式之间的代码比较。下面是我试图用Java来解释它。我希望它能帮助那些需要简单解释的人。

正如GoF所言:抽象工厂提供了一个接口，无需指定就可以创建相关或依赖的对象族 具体的阶级。

public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ZooFactory zooFactory = new HerbivoreZooFactory();
        Animal animal1 = zooFactory.animal1();
        Animal animal2 = zooFactory.animal2();
        animal1.sound();
        animal2.sound();

        System.out.println();

        AnimalFactory animalFactory = new CowAnimalFactory();
        Animal animal = animalFactory.createAnimal();
        animal.sound();
    }
}

---

public interface Animal {
    public void sound();
}

public class Cow implements Animal {

    @Override
    public void sound() {
        System.out.println("Cow moos");
    }
}

public class Deer implements Animal {

    @Override
    public void sound() {
        System.out.println("Deer grunts");
    }

}

public class Hyena implements Animal {

    @Override
    public void sound() {
        System.out.println("Hyena.java");
    }

}

public class Lion implements Animal {

    @Override
    public void sound() {
        System.out.println("Lion roars");
    }

}

---

public interface ZooFactory {
    Animal animal1();

    Animal animal2();
}

public class CarnivoreZooFactory implements ZooFactory {

    @Override
    public Animal animal1() {
        return new Lion();
    }

    @Override
    public Animal animal2() {
        return new Hyena();
    }

}

public class HerbivoreZooFactory implements ZooFactory {

    @Override
    public Animal animal1() {
        return new Cow();
    }

    @Override
    public Animal animal2() {
        return new Deer();
    }

}

---

public interface AnimalFactory {
    public Animal createAnimal();
}

public class CowAnimalFactory implements AnimalFactory {

    @Override
    public Animal createAnimal() {
        return new Cow();
    }

}

public class DeerAnimalFactory implements AnimalFactory {

    @Override
    public Animal createAnimal() {
        return new Deer();
    }

}

public class HyenaAnimalFactory implements AnimalFactory {

    @Override
    public Animal createAnimal() {
        return new Hyena();
    }

}

public class LionAnimalFactory implements AnimalFactory {

    @Override
    public Animal createAnimal() {
        return new Lion();
    }

}

工厂方法依赖于继承:对象创建被委托给子类，子类实现了工厂方法来创建对象。

抽象工厂依赖于对象组合:对象创建是在工厂接口中公开的方法中实现的。

工厂和抽象工厂模式的高级图表，

有关Factory方法的更多信息，请参阅本文。

有关抽象工厂方法的更多信息，请参阅本文。

工厂设计模式

generation 1 <- generation 2 <- generation 3
//example
(generation 1) shape <- (generation 2) rectangle, oval <- (generation 3) rectangle impressionism, rectangle surrealism, oval impressionism, oval surrealism

工厂

用例:实例化第2代的一个对象

这是一种创造模式，允许你在一个简单的地方创建第2代。它符合SRP和OCP -所有的更改都在一个类中进行。

enum ShapeType {
    RECTANGLE,
    OVAL
}

class Shape {}

//Concrete Products
//generation 2
class Rectangle extends Shape {}
class Oval extends Shape {}

//Factory
class Factory {
    Shape createShape(ShapeType type) {

        switch (type) {
            case RECTANGLE:
                return new Rectangle();
            case OVAL:
                return new Oval();
        }
    }
}

//Creator
class Painter {

    private Factory factory;

    Painter(Factory factory) {
        this.factory = factory;
    }

    Shape prepareShape(ShapeType type) {
        return factory.createShape(type);
    }
}

//using
class Main {
    void main() {
        Painter painter = new Painter(new Factory());

        Shape shape1 = painter.prepareShape(ShapeType.RECTANGLE);
        Shape shape2 = painter.prepareShape(ShapeType.OVAL);
    }
}

工厂方法

用例:实例化第3代的一个对象

有助于与下一代家庭成员合作。每个画家都有自己的风格，印象派、超现实主义……工厂方法使用抽象创造者作为工厂(抽象方法)，具体创造者是这种方法的实现

enum ShapeType {
    RECTANGLE,
    OVAL
}

class Shape {}

//Concrete Products
//generation 2
class Rectangle extends Shape {}
class Oval extends Shape {}

//generation 3
class RectangleImpressionism extends Rectangle {}
class OvalImpressionism extends Oval {}
class RectangleSurrealism extends Rectangle {}
class OvalSurrealism extends Oval {}

//Creator
abstract class Painter {

    Shape prepareShape(ShapeType type) {
        return createShape(type);
    }

    //Factory method
    abstract Shape createShape(ShapeType type);
}

//Concrete Creators
class PainterImpressionism {

    @override
    Shape createShape(ShapeType type) {
        switch (type) {
            case RECTANGLE:
                return new RectangleImpressionism();
            case OVAL:
                return new OvalImpressionism();
        }
    }
}

class PainterSurrealism {

    @override
    Shape createShape(ShapeType type) {
        switch (type) {
            case RECTANGLE:
                return new RectangleSurrealism();
            case OVAL:
                return new OvalSurrealism();
        }
    }
}

//using
class Main {
    void main() {
        Painter painterImpressionism = new PainterImpressionism();
        Shape shape1 = painterImpressionism.prepareShape(ShapeType.RECTANGLE);

        Painter painterSurrealism = new PainterSurrealism();
        Shape shape2 = painterSurrealism.prepareShape(ShapeType.RECTANGLE);
    }
}

抽象工厂

用例:实例化第3代的所有对象

工厂是抽象工厂和具象工厂的一部分

//Concrete Products
//generation 2
class Rectangle extends Shape {}
class Oval extends Shape {}

//generation 3
class RectangleImpressionism extends Rectangle {}
class OvalImpressionism extends Oval {}
class RectangleSurrealism extends Rectangle {}
class OvalSurrealism extends Oval {}

//Abstract Factory
interface Factory {
    Rectangle createRectangle();
    Oval createOval();
}

//Concrete Factories
class ImpressionismFactory implements Factory {
    @Override
    public Rectangle createRectangle() {
        return new RectangleImpressionism();
    }

    @Override
    public Oval createOval() {
        return new OvalImpressionism();
    }
}

class SurrealismFactory implements Factory {
    @Override
    public Rectangle createRectangle() {
        return new RectangleSurrealism();
    }

    @Override
    public Oval createOval() {
        return new OvalSurrealism();
    }
}

//Creator
class Painter {

    Rectangle rectangle;
    Oval oval;

    Painter(Factory factory) {
        rectangle = factory.createRectangle();
        rectangle.resize();

        oval = factory.createOval();
        oval.resize();
    }
}

//using
class Main {
    void main() {
        Painter painter1 = new Painter(new ImpressionismFactory());
        Shape shape1 = painter1.rectangle;
        Shape shape2 = painter1.oval;

        Painter painter2 = new Painter(new ImpressionismFactory());
        Shape shape3 = painter2.rectangle;
        Shape shape4 = painter1.oval;
    }
}

据我估计，@TomDalling给出的答案确实是正确的(不管它有什么价值)，但是评论中似乎仍然有很多困惑。

我在这里所做的是为这两种模式创建一些略显非典型的示例，并试图使它们乍一看非常相似。这将有助于查明将它们分开的关键差异。

如果您对这些模式完全不熟悉，那么这些示例可能不是最好的开始。

工厂方法

Client.javaish

Client(Creator creator) {
    ProductA a = creator.createProductA();
}

Creator.javaish

Creator() {}

void creatorStuff() {
    ProductA a = createProductA();
    a.doSomething();
    ProductB b = createProductB();
    b.doStuff();
}

abstract ProductA createProductA();

ProductB createProductB() {
    return new ProductB1();
}

为什么会有创造者和客户?

为什么不呢?FactoryMethod可以与两者一起使用，但它将是决定所创建的特定产品的Creator类型。

为什么createProductB在Creator中不是抽象的?

可以提供默认实现，子类仍然可以覆盖该方法以提供自己的实现。

我以为工厂方法只生产一种产品?

每个方法只返回一个产品，但创建者可以使用多个工厂方法，只是它们不一定以任何特定的方式相关。

抽象工厂

Client.javaish

AbstractFactory factory;

Client() {
    if (MONDAY) {
        factory = new Factory2();
    } else {
        factory = new AbstractFactory();
    }
}

void clientStuff() {
    ProductA a = factory.createProductA();
    a.doSomething();
    ProductB b = factory.createProductB();
    b.doStuff();
}

等等!你的AbstractFactory不是，嗯……er文摘

没关系，我们仍然在提供接口。create方法的返回类型是我们想要生成的产品的超类型。

圣烟蝙蝠侠!Factory2没有覆盖createProductA()，“产品族”发生了什么?

模式中并没有说一个对象不能属于一个以上的家族(尽管您的用例可能禁止这样做)。每个混凝土工厂负责决定哪些产品可以一起生产。

这是不对的，客户端没有使用依赖注入

您必须决定某个地方的具体类是什么，客户机仍然被写入AbstractFactory接口。

这里的混淆在于人们将组合与依赖注入混为一谈。客户端拥有一个AbstractFactory，而不管它是如何得到它的。与IS-A关系相比，Client和AbstractFactory之间没有继承关系。

关键的不同点

抽象工厂总是关于对象的家族 工厂方法只是一个允许子类指定具体对象类型的方法 抽象工厂为客户端提供了一个接口，它与产品的使用位置是分开的，工厂方法可以由创建者自己使用，也可以暴露给客户端。

总结

工厂的目的是为客户端或工厂本身提供对象。

创建者有自己的职责，可能需要使用对象或将对象传递给客户端

定义一个用于创建对象的接口，但是让子类来决定实例化哪个类。工厂方法允许类延迟实例化到子类。——GoF

抽象工厂:

提供一个接口来创建相关或依赖的对象族，而不指定它们的具体类。——GoF

---

PlantUML代码，如果你想玩图:

@startuml FactoryMethod
abstract class Creator {
    creatorStuff()
    {abstract} createProductA(): ProductA
    createProductB(): ProductB
}
class Creator1 {
    createProductA(): ProductA
}
class Creator2 {
    createProductA(): ProductA
    createProductB(): ProductB
}

together {
    interface ProductA {
        doSomething()
    }
    class ProductA1
    ' class Product1B
}
together {
    interface ProductB {
        doStuff()
    }
    class ProductB1
    class ProductB2
}
Client --> Creator

Creator <|-- Creator1
Creator <|-- Creator2

Creator --> ProductB1
ProductA1 <-- Creator1
ProductA1 <-- Creator2
ProductB2 <-- Creator2

ProductA <|.. ProductA1
ProductB <|.. ProductB1
ProductB <|.. ProductB2

ProductA <- Creator

@enduml

@startuml AbstractFactory

together {
    interface ProductA {
        doSomething()
    }
    class ProductA1
}

together {
    interface ProductB {
        doStuff()
    }
    class ProductB1
    class ProductB2
}

class AbstractFactory {
    createProductA(): ProductA
    createProductB(): ProductB
    --
    -
}

class Factory2 {
    createProductB(): ProductB
}

Client --> AbstractFactory
AbstractFactory <|-- Factory2

ProductA <|.. ProductA1
ProductB <|.. ProductB1
ProductB <|.. ProductB2

AbstractFactory --> ProductA1
AbstractFactory --> ProductB1
ProductB2 <-- Factory2

@enduml

抽象工厂与工厂方法的主要区别在于，抽象工厂是由组合实现的;但是工厂方法是通过继承实现的。

是的，您没有看错:这两种模式之间的主要区别在于古老的组合与继承之争。

UML图可以在(GoF)书中找到。我想提供代码示例，因为我认为将本文中前两个答案中的示例结合起来会比单独一个答案提供更好的演示。此外，我在类名和方法名中使用了书中的术语。

抽象工厂

The most important point to grasp here is that the abstract factory is injected into the client. This is why we say that Abstract Factory is implemented by Composition. Often, a dependency injection framework would perform that task; but a framework is not required for DI. The second critical point is that the concrete factories here are not Factory Method implementations! Example code for Factory Method is shown further below. And finally, the third point to note is the relationship between the products: in this case the outbound and reply queues. One concrete factory produces Azure queues, the other MSMQ. The GoF refers to this product relationship as a "family" and it's important to be aware that family in this case does not mean class hierarchy.

public class Client {
    private final AbstractFactory_MessageQueue factory;

    public Client(AbstractFactory_MessageQueue factory) {
        // The factory creates message queues either for Azure or MSMQ.
        // The client does not know which technology is used.
        this.factory = factory;
    }

    public void sendMessage() {
        //The client doesn't know whether the OutboundQueue is Azure or MSMQ.
        OutboundQueue out = factory.createProductA();
        out.sendMessage("Hello Abstract Factory!");
    }

    public String receiveMessage() {
        //The client doesn't know whether the ReplyQueue is Azure or MSMQ.
        ReplyQueue in = factory.createProductB();
        return in.receiveMessage();
    }
}

public interface AbstractFactory_MessageQueue {
    OutboundQueue createProductA();
    ReplyQueue createProductB();
}

public class ConcreteFactory_Azure implements AbstractFactory_MessageQueue {
    @Override
    public OutboundQueue createProductA() {
        return new AzureMessageQueue();
    }

    @Override
    public ReplyQueue createProductB() {
        return new AzureResponseMessageQueue();
    }
}

public class ConcreteFactory_Msmq implements AbstractFactory_MessageQueue {
    @Override
    public OutboundQueue createProductA() {
        return new MsmqMessageQueue();
    }

    @Override
    public ReplyQueue createProductB() {
        return new MsmqResponseMessageQueue();
    }
}

工厂方法

The most important point to grasp here is that the ConcreteCreator is the client. In other words, the client is a subclass whose parent defines the factoryMethod(). This is why we say that Factory Method is implemented by Inheritance. The second critical point is to remember that the Factory Method Pattern is nothing more than a specialization of the Template Method Pattern. The two patterns share an identical structure. They only differ in purpose. Factory Method is creational (it builds something) whereas Template Method is behavioral (it computes something). And finally, the third point to note is that the Creator (parent) class invokes its own factoryMethod(). If we remove anOperation() from the parent class, leaving only a single method behind, it is no longer the Factory Method pattern. In other words, Factory Method cannot be implemented with less than two methods in the parent class; and one must invoke the other.

public abstract class Creator {
    public void anOperation() {
        Product p = factoryMethod();
        p.whatever();
    }

    protected abstract Product factoryMethod();
}

public class ConcreteCreator extends Creator {
    @Override
    protected Product factoryMethod() {
        return new ConcreteProduct();
    }
}

混杂。&杂项工厂图案

请注意，尽管GoF定义了两种不同的工厂模式，但它们并不是唯一存在的工厂模式。它们甚至不一定是最常用的工厂模式。第三个著名的例子是Josh Bloch的《Effective Java》中的静态工厂模式。《头部优先设计模式》一书还包括另一种被称为简单工厂的模式。

不要落入假设每个工厂模式都必须匹配GoF中的一个模式的陷阱。

让我们明确一点，在生产代码中，大多数时候我们使用抽象工厂模式，因为类A是用接口b编程的，而A需要创建b的实例，因此A必须有一个工厂对象来生成b的实例，因此A不依赖于b的任何具体实例，希望它有帮助。