从Java 9+及更高版本开始，您可以定义一个新的URLStreamHandlerProvider。URL类使用服务加载器框架在运行时加载它。

创建一个提供者:

package org.example;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLConnection;
import java.net.URLStreamHandler;
import java.net.spi.URLStreamHandlerProvider;

public class ClasspathURLStreamHandlerProvider extends URLStreamHandlerProvider {

    @Override
    public URLStreamHandler createURLStreamHandler(String protocol) {
        if ("classpath".equals(protocol)) {
            return new URLStreamHandler() {
                @Override
                protected URLConnection openConnection(URL u) throws IOException {
                    return ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().getResource(u.getPath()).openConnection();
                }
            };
        }
        return null;
    }

}

在META-INF/services目录中创建一个名为java.net.spi.URLStreamHandlerProvider的文件，内容如下:

org.example.ClasspathURLStreamHandlerProvider

现在URL类将在看到如下内容时使用提供程序:

URL url = new URL("classpath:myfile.txt");

我创建了一个类，它有助于减少设置自定义处理程序的错误，并利用系统属性，因此不存在首先调用方法或不在正确容器中的问题。如果你做错了，还有一个异常类:

CustomURLScheme.java:
/*
 * The CustomURLScheme class has a static method for adding cutom protocol
 * handlers without getting bogged down with other class loaders and having to
 * call setURLStreamHandlerFactory before the next guy...
 */
package com.cybernostics.lib.net.customurl;

import java.net.URLStreamHandler;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

/**
 * Allows you to add your own URL handler without running into problems
 * of race conditions with setURLStream handler.
 * 
 * To add your custom protocol eg myprot://blahblah:
 * 
 * 1) Create a new protocol package which ends in myprot eg com.myfirm.protocols.myprot
 * 2) Create a subclass of URLStreamHandler called Handler in this package
 * 3) Before you use the protocol, call CustomURLScheme.add(com.myfirm.protocols.myprot.Handler.class);
 * @author jasonw
 */
public class CustomURLScheme
{

    // this is the package name required to implelent a Handler class
    private static Pattern packagePattern = Pattern.compile( "(.+\\.protocols)\\.[^\\.]+" );

    /**
     * Call this method with your handlerclass
     * @param handlerClass
     * @throws Exception 
     */
    public static void add( Class<? extends URLStreamHandler> handlerClass ) throws Exception
    {
        if ( handlerClass.getSimpleName().equals( "Handler" ) )
        {
            String pkgName = handlerClass.getPackage().getName();
            Matcher m = packagePattern.matcher( pkgName );

            if ( m.matches() )
            {
                String protocolPackage = m.group( 1 );
                add( protocolPackage );
            }
            else
            {
                throw new CustomURLHandlerException( "Your Handler class package must end in 'protocols.yourprotocolname' eg com.somefirm.blah.protocols.yourprotocol" );
            }

        }
        else
        {
            throw new CustomURLHandlerException( "Your handler class must be called 'Handler'" );
        }
    }

    private static void add( String handlerPackage )
    {
        // this property controls where java looks for
        // stream handlers - always uses current value.
        final String key = "java.protocol.handler.pkgs";

        String newValue = handlerPackage;
        if ( System.getProperty( key ) != null )
        {
            final String previousValue = System.getProperty( key );
            newValue += "|" + previousValue;
        }
        System.setProperty( key, newValue );
    }
}


CustomURLHandlerException.java:
/*
 * Exception if you get things mixed up creating a custom url protocol
 */
package com.cybernostics.lib.net.customurl;

/**
 *
 * @author jasonw
 */
public class CustomURLHandlerException extends Exception
{

    public CustomURLHandlerException(String msg )
    {
        super( msg );
    }

}

如果你在类路径中有tomcat，它就像这样简单:

TomcatURLStreamHandlerFactory.register();

这将为“war”和“classpath”协议注册处理程序。

(类似于Azder的回答，但策略略有不同。)

我认为对于类路径中的内容没有预定义的协议处理程序。(所谓的类路径:协议)。

但是，Java允许您添加自己的协议。这是通过提供具体实现java.net.URLStreamHandler和java.net.URLConnection来实现的。

本文描述了如何实现自定义流处理程序: http://java.sun.com/developer/onlineTraining/protocolhandlers/。

我认为这是值得回答的问题——如果您正在使用Spring，那么您已经有了这个功能

Resource firstResource =
    context.getResource("http://www.google.fi/");
Resource anotherResource =
    context.getResource("classpath:some/resource/path/myTemplate.txt");

就像春季文档中解释的，斯卡夫曼在评论中指出的那样。

你也可以在启动时以编程方式设置属性:

final String key = "java.protocol.handler.pkgs";
String newValue = "org.my.protocols";
if (System.getProperty(key) != null) {
    final String previousValue = System.getProperty(key);
    newValue += "|" + previousValue;
}
System.setProperty(key, newValue);

使用这个类:

package org.my.protocols.classpath;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLConnection;
import java.net.URLStreamHandler;

public class Handler extends URLStreamHandler {

    @Override
    protected URLConnection openConnection(final URL u) throws IOException {
        final URL resourceUrl = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().getResource(u.getPath());
        return resourceUrl.openConnection();
    }
}

这样你就得到了侵入性最小的方法。url将始终使用系统属性中的当前值。