我发现这篇文章对于理解如何使用python代码实现列表非常有帮助。

class OhMyList:
    def __init__(self):
        self.length = 0
        self.capacity = 8
        self.array = (self.capacity * ctypes.py_object)()

    def append(self, item):
        if self.length == self.capacity:
            self._resize(self.capacity*2)
        self.array[self.length] = item
        self.length += 1

    def _resize(self, new_cap):
        new_arr = (new_cap * ctypes.py_object)()
        for idx in range(self.length):
            new_arr[idx] = self.array[idx]
        self.array = new_arr
        self.capacity = new_cap

    def __len__(self):
        return self.length

    def __getitem__(self, idx):
        return self.array[idx]

实际上，C代码非常简单。扩展一个宏并删除一些不相关的注释，基本结构在listobject.h中，它将列表定义为:

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
    Py_ssize_t ob_size;

    /* Vector of pointers to list elements.  list[0] is ob_item[0], etc. */
    PyObject **ob_item;

    /* ob_item contains space for 'allocated' elements.  The number
     * currently in use is ob_size.
     * Invariants:
     *     0 <= ob_size <= allocated
     *     len(list) == ob_size
     *     ob_item == NULL implies ob_size == allocated == 0
     */
    Py_ssize_t allocated;
} PyListObject;

PyObject_HEAD包含引用计数和类型标识符。这是一个过度分配的向量/数组。当数组满时，调整数组大小的代码在listobject.c中。它实际上并没有使数组加倍，而是通过分配来增长

new_allocated = (newsize >> 3) + (newsize < 9 ? 3 : 6);
new_allocated += newsize;

到每次的容量，其中newsize是请求的大小(不一定分配+ 1，因为您可以扩展任意数量的元素，而不是逐个添加它们)。

参见Python常见问题解答。

这取决于实现，但IIRC:

CPython使用指针数组 Jython使用数组列表 IronPython显然也使用数组。您可以浏览源代码来找到答案。

因此它们都有O(1)个随机访问。

正如上面其他人所述，列表(当相当大时)是通过分配固定数量的空间来实现的，如果该空间应该被填满，则分配更大数量的空间并复制元素。

To understand why the method is O(1) amortized, without loss of generality, assume we have inserted a = 2^n elements, and we now have to double our table to 2^(n+1) size. That means we're currently doing 2^(n+1) operations. Last copy, we did 2^n operations. Before that we did 2^(n-1)... all the way down to 8,4,2,1. Now, if we add these up, we get 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + 2^(n+1) = 2^(n+2) - 1 < 4*2^n = O(2^n) = O(a) total insertions (i.e. O(1) amortized time). Also, it should be noted that if the table allows deletions the table shrinking has to be done at a different factor (e.g 3x)

我发现这篇文章对于理解如何使用python代码实现列表非常有帮助。

class OhMyList:
    def __init__(self):
        self.length = 0
        self.capacity = 8
        self.array = (self.capacity * ctypes.py_object)()

    def append(self, item):
        if self.length == self.capacity:
            self._resize(self.capacity*2)
        self.array[self.length] = item
        self.length += 1

    def _resize(self, new_cap):
        new_arr = (new_cap * ctypes.py_object)()
        for idx in range(self.length):
            new_arr[idx] = self.array[idx]
        self.array = new_arr
        self.capacity = new_cap

    def __len__(self):
        return self.length

    def __getitem__(self, idx):
        return self.array[idx]

在CPython中，list是作为动态数组实现的，因此当我们追加时，不仅添加了一个宏，而且分配了更多的空间，这样每次都不应该添加新的空间。