我正在处理一个大型项目(对我来说)，它将有许多类，需要可扩展，但我不确定如何规划我的程序以及类需要如何交互。
几个学期前我上了一门OOD课程，从中学到了很多东西;比如编写UML，并将需求文档转换为对象和类。我们也学过序列图但不知怎么的我错过了这节课，我没能记住它们。
在之前的项目中，我尝试使用从课程中学到的方法，但通常在我说“是的，这看起来像我想要的东西”时，我就会以代码结束，我不想再挖掘出新的功能。
我有一本Steve McConnell的《Code Complete》，我经常在这里和其他地方听到它的神奇之处。我读了关于设计的章节，似乎没有得到我想要的信息。我知道他说这不是一个固定的过程，它主要是基于启发式，但我似乎不能把他所有的信息都应用到我的项目中。
那么，在高级设计阶段(在开始编程之前)，你要做些什么来确定你需要什么类(特别是那些不基于任何“现实世界对象”的类)以及它们如何相互交互?
我特别感兴趣的是你使用的方法是什么?你遵循什么样的过程，通常会产生一个良好的，干净的设计，将接近最终产品?
当前回答
我使用测试驱动设计(TDD)。首先编写测试实际上有助于引导您获得干净和正确的设计。见http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test-driven_development。
其他回答
在你要写的软件设计中，你遵循的工作流程是什么?
一个有用的技巧是将你独特的问题描述与你在现实世界中可以找到的东西联系起来。例如，你正在为一个将席卷全球的复杂医疗保健系统建模。有什么例子你可以随时调用建模吗?
确实。观察旁边的药房是如何运作的，或者医生的房间。
把你的领域问题归结为你能理解的问题;一些你能联想到的东西。
然后，一旦领域内的“玩家”开始出现，你开始对你的代码建模，选择“提供者-消费者”建模方法，即你的代码是模型的“提供者”，而你是“消费者”。
与领域相关并在较高层次上理解它是任何设计的关键部分。
我用于初始设计(得到类图)的步骤是:
Requirements gathering. Talk to the client and factor out the use cases to define what functionality the software should have. Compose a narrative of the individual use cases. Go through the narrative and highlight nouns (person, place, thing), as candidate classes and verbs (actions), as methods / behaviors. Discard duplicate nouns and factor out common functionality. Create a class diagram. If you're a Java developer, NetBeans 6.7 from Sun has a UML module that allows for diagramming as well as round-trip engineering and it's FREE. Eclipse (an open source Java IDE), also has a modeling framework, but I have no experience with it. You may also want to try out ArgoUML, an open source tool. Apply OOD principles to organize your classes (factor out common functionality, build hierarchies, etc.)
首先，设计应该来自你的灵魂。你必须用每一根纤维去感受它。在我开始做任何事情之前，我通常会走两三个月，只是在街上走(真的)。和思考。你知道，散步是一种很好的冥想。所以它能让你更好地集中注意力。
其次，只在存在自然对象层次结构的地方使用OOP和类。不要人为地把它“拧”进去。如果没有严格的层次结构存在(就像在大多数业务应用程序中一样)-选择过程式/函数式，或者至少只将对象用作具有隔离访问器的数据容器。
最后一本——试着读一下:《创造性思维的算法》
斯科特·戴维斯补充说:
Make absolutely sure you know what your program is all about before you start. What is your program? What will it not do? What problem is it trying to solve? Your first set of use cases shouldn't be a laundry list of everything the program will eventually do. Start with the smallest set of use cases you can come up with that still captures the essence of what your program is for. For this web site, for example, the core use cases might be log in, ask a question, answer a question, and view questions and answers. Nothing about reputation, voting, or the community wiki, just the raw essence of what you're shooting for. As you come up with potential classes, don't think of them only in terms of what noun they represent, but what responsibilities they have. I've found this to be the biggest aid in figuring out how classes relate to each other during program execution. It's easy to come up with relationships like "a dog is an animal" or "a puppy has one mother." It's usually harder to figure out relationships describing run-time interactions between objects. You're program's algorithms are at least as important as your objects, and they're much easier to design if you've spelled out what each class's job is. Once you've got that minimal set of use cases and objects, start coding. Get something that actually runs as soon as possible, even though it doesn't do much and probably looks like crap. It's a starting point, and will force you to answer questions you might gloss over on paper. Now go back and pick more use cases, write up how they'll work, modify your class model, and write more code. Just like your first cut, take on as little at a time as you can while still adding something meaningful. Rinse and repeat.
这只是我的个人意见。希望对大家有用。
