Makefile中的一行就足够了:

= $(notdir $(CURDIR))

下面是使用shell语法获取Makefile文件绝对路径的一行程序:

SHELL := /bin/bash
CWD := $(shell cd -P -- '$(shell dirname -- "$0")' && pwd -P)

下面是没有shell的版本，基于@0xff的答案:

CWD := $(abspath $(patsubst %/,%,$(dir $(abspath $(lastword $(MAKEFILE_LIST))))))

通过打印来测试，比如:

cwd:
        @echo $(CWD)

更新2018/03/05 最后我用这个:

shellPath=`echo $PWD/``echo ${0%/*}`

# process absolute path
shellPath1=`echo $PWD/`
shellPath2=`echo ${0%/*}`
if [ ${shellPath2:0:1} == '/' ] ; then
    shellPath=${shellPath2}
fi

它可以在相对路径或绝对路径上正确执行。 由crontab调用的已执行正确。 在其他shell中执行正确。

显示示例，a.sh打印自路径。

[root@izbp1a7wyzv7b5hitowq2yz /]# more /root/test/a.sh
shellPath=`echo $PWD/``echo ${0%/*}`

# process absolute path
shellPath1=`echo $PWD/`
shellPath2=`echo ${0%/*}`
if [ ${shellPath2:0:1} == '/' ] ; then
    shellPath=${shellPath2}
fi

echo $shellPath
[root@izbp1a7wyzv7b5hitowq2yz /]# more /root/b.sh
shellPath=`echo $PWD/``echo ${0%/*}`

# process absolute path
shellPath1=`echo $PWD/`
shellPath2=`echo ${0%/*}`
if [ ${shellPath2:0:1} == '/' ] ; then
    shellPath=${shellPath2}
fi

$shellPath/test/a.sh
[root@izbp1a7wyzv7b5hitowq2yz /]# ~/b.sh
/root/test
[root@izbp1a7wyzv7b5hitowq2yz /]# /root/b.sh
/root/test
[root@izbp1a7wyzv7b5hitowq2yz /]# cd ~
[root@izbp1a7wyzv7b5hitowq2yz ~]# ./b.sh
/root/./test
[root@izbp1a7wyzv7b5hitowq2yz ~]# test/a.sh
/root/test
[root@izbp1a7wyzv7b5hitowq2yz ~]# cd test
[root@izbp1a7wyzv7b5hitowq2yz test]# ./a.sh
/root/test/.
[root@izbp1a7wyzv7b5hitowq2yz test]# cd /
[root@izbp1a7wyzv7b5hitowq2yz /]# /root/test/a.sh
/root/test
[root@izbp1a7wyzv7b5hitowq2yz /]# 

旧: 我用这个:

MAKEFILE_PATH := $(PWD)/$({0%/*})

如果在其他shell和其他目录下执行，可以显示正确。

举例如下，供参考:

文件夹结构可能是这样的:

其中有两个makefile，分别如下所示;

sample/Makefile
test/Makefile

现在，让我们看看Makefiles的内容。

样品/ Makefile

export ROOT_DIR=${PWD}

all:
    echo ${ROOT_DIR}
    $(MAKE) -C test

测试/ Makefile

all:
    echo ${ROOT_DIR}
    echo "make test ends here !"

现在，执行样例/Makefile，如;

cd sample
make

输出:

echo /home/symphony/sample
/home/symphony/sample
make -C test
make[1]: Entering directory `/home/symphony/sample/test'
echo /home/symphony/sample
/home/symphony/sample
echo "make test ends here !"
make test ends here !
make[1]: Leaving directory `/home/symphony/sample/test'

解释一下，父/home目录可以存储在environment-flag中，并且可以导出，这样就可以在所有子目录的makefile中使用。

我喜欢选定的答案，但我认为实际展示它比解释它更有帮助。

/ tmp / makefile_path_test.sh

#!/bin/bash -eu

# Create a testing dir
temp_dir=/tmp/makefile_path_test
proj_dir=$temp_dir/dir1/dir2/dir3
mkdir -p $proj_dir

# Create the Makefile in $proj_dir
# (Because of this, $proj_dir is what $(path) should evaluate to.)
cat > $proj_dir/Makefile <<'EOF'
path := $(patsubst %/,%,$(dir $(abspath $(lastword $(MAKEFILE_LIST)))))
cwd  := $(shell pwd)

all:
    @echo "MAKEFILE_LIST: $(MAKEFILE_LIST)"
    @echo "         path: $(path)"
    @echo "          cwd: $(cwd)"
    @echo ""
EOF

# See/debug each command
set -x

# Test using the Makefile in the current directory
cd $proj_dir
make

# Test passing a Makefile
cd $temp_dir
make -f $proj_dir/Makefile

# Cleanup
rm -rf $temp_dir

输出:

+ cd /tmp/makefile_path_test/dir1/dir2/dir3
+ make
MAKEFILE_LIST:  Makefile
         path: /private/tmp/makefile_path_test/dir1/dir2/dir3
          cwd: /tmp/makefile_path_test/dir1/dir2/dir3

+ cd /tmp/makefile_path_test
+ make -f /tmp/makefile_path_test/dir1/dir2/dir3/Makefile
MAKEFILE_LIST:  /tmp/makefile_path_test/dir1/dir2/dir3/Makefile
         path: /tmp/makefile_path_test/dir1/dir2/dir3
          cwd: /tmp/makefile_path_test

+ rm -rf /tmp/makefile_path_test

注意:函数$(patsubst %/，%，[path/goes/here/])用于去除后面的斜杠。

从这里带走;

ROOT_DIR:=$(shell dirname $(realpath $(firstword $(MAKEFILE_LIST))))

显示为;

$ cd /home/user/

$ make -f test/Makefile 
/home/user/test

$ cd test; make Makefile 
/home/user/test