阅读Paul Graham关于编程语言的文章,你可能会认为Lisp宏是唯一的选择。作为一个忙碌的开发人员,在其他平台上工作,我还没有使用Lisp宏的特权。作为一个想要了解热门话题的人,请解释一下是什么让这个功能如此强大。

请将这一点与我从Python、Java、c#或C开发世界中理解的东西联系起来。


当前回答

简而言之,宏是代码的转换。它们允许引入许多新的语法结构。例如,考虑c#中的LINQ。在lisp中,有类似的由宏实现的语言扩展(例如,内置循环构造,迭代)。宏显著地减少了代码重复。宏允许嵌入«小语言»(例如,在c#/java中可以使用xml进行配置,在lisp中可以使用宏实现同样的事情)。宏可能隐藏使用库的困难。

例如,在lisp中你可以写

(iter (for (id name) in-clsql-query "select id, name from users" on-database *users-database*)
      (format t "User with ID of ~A has name ~A.~%" id name))

这隐藏了所有数据库的东西(事务,正确的连接关闭,获取数据等),而在c#中,这需要创建SqlConnections, SqlCommands,将SqlParameters添加到SqlCommands,在SqlDataReaders上循环,正确地关闭它们。

其他回答

我认为我从来没有见过比这个家伙解释得更好的Lisp宏:http://www.defmacro.org/ramblings/lisp.html

一行程序回答:

简单的语法=>宏over表达式=>简洁=>抽象=>强大


Lisp宏只是以编程方式编写代码。也就是说,在展开宏之后,您得到的只不过是没有宏的Lisp代码。所以,原则上来说,他们没有什么新成就。

然而,它们与其他编程语言中的宏不同,它们在表达式级别上编写代码,而其他宏在字符串级别上编写代码。这在lisp中是独一无二的,这要感谢他们的括号;或者更准确地说,它们的最小语法多亏了括号。

正如本文中的许多示例所示,以及Paul Graham的On Lisp, Lisp宏可以成为使代码更加简洁的工具。当简洁性达到一定程度时,它为代码提供了新的抽象级别,使其更加简洁。回到第一点,原则上他们没有提供任何新的东西,但这就像说既然纸和铅笔(几乎)组成了图灵机,我们就不需要真正的计算机。

如果你懂点数学,想想为什么函子和自然变换是有用的想法。原则上,它们没有提供任何新东西。然而,通过将它们扩展到较低层次的数学中,你会发现几个简单想法的组合(就范畴理论而言)可能需要10页才能写下来。你喜欢哪一种?

我不确定我能给每个人的(优秀的)帖子添加一些见解,但是……

Lisp宏工作得很好,因为Lisp语法的本质。

Lisp是一种非常规则的语言(把所有东西都想象成一个列表);宏使您能够将数据和代码视为相同的(不需要字符串解析或其他技巧来修改lisp表达式)。将这两个特性结合起来,就有了一种非常简洁的方式来修改代码。

编辑:我想说的是Lisp是同构的,这意味着Lisp程序的数据结构是用Lisp本身编写的。

因此,您最终可以在语言之上创建自己的代码生成器,使用语言本身的所有功能(例如。在Java中,你必须破解字节码编织的方法,尽管一些框架(如AspectJ)允许你使用不同的方法来做到这一点,但它基本上是一种破解)。

在实践中,使用宏可以在lisp的基础上构建自己的迷你语言,而不需要学习其他语言或工具,并使用语言本身的全部功能。

我从通用的lisp烹饪书中得到了这个,我认为它解释了为什么lisp宏是有用的。

宏是一段普通的Lisp代码,它对另一段假定的Lisp代码进行操作,将其翻译成(更接近于)可执行的Lisp。这听起来可能有点复杂,所以让我们举一个简单的例子。假设您想要一个版本的setq,将两个变量设置为相同的值。所以如果你写

(setq2 x y (+ z 3))

当z=8时,x和y都被设为11。(我想不出这有什么用,但这只是一个例子。)

It should be obvious that we can't define setq2 as a function. If x=50 and y=-5, this function would receive the values 50, -5, and 11; it would have no knowledge of what variables were supposed to be set. What we really want to say is, When you (the Lisp system) see (setq2 v1 v2 e), treat it as equivalent to (progn (setq v1 e) (setq v2 e)). Actually, this isn't quite right, but it will do for now. A macro allows us to do precisely this, by specifying a program for transforming the input pattern (setq2 v1 v2 e)" into the output pattern (progn ...)."

如果你觉得这很好,你可以继续读下去: http://cl-cookbook.sourceforge.net/macros.html

您将在这里找到关于lisp宏的全面辩论。

这篇文章的一个有趣的子集:

In most programming languages, syntax is complex. Macros have to take apart program syntax, analyze it, and reassemble it. They do not have access to the program's parser, so they have to depend on heuristics and best-guesses. Sometimes their cut-rate analysis is wrong, and then they break. But Lisp is different. Lisp macros do have access to the parser, and it is a really simple parser. A Lisp macro is not handed a string, but a preparsed piece of source code in the form of a list, because the source of a Lisp program is not a string; it is a list. And Lisp programs are really good at taking apart lists and putting them back together. They do this reliably, every day. Here is an extended example. Lisp has a macro, called "setf", that performs assignment. The simplest form of setf is (setf x whatever) which sets the value of the symbol "x" to the value of the expression "whatever". Lisp also has lists; you can use the "car" and "cdr" functions to get the first element of a list or the rest of the list, respectively. Now what if you want to replace the first element of a list with a new value? There is a standard function for doing that, and incredibly, its name is even worse than "car". It is "rplaca". But you do not have to remember "rplaca", because you can write (setf (car somelist) whatever) to set the car of somelist. What is really happening here is that "setf" is a macro. At compile time, it examines its arguments, and it sees that the first one has the form (car SOMETHING). It says to itself "Oh, the programmer is trying to set the car of somthing. The function to use for that is 'rplaca'." And it quietly rewrites the code in place to: (rplaca somelist whatever)