在一个目录中运行以下代码，该目录包含一个名为bar的目录(包含一个或多个文件)和一个名为baz的目录(也包含一个或多个文件)。确保没有名为foo的目录。
import shutil
shutil.copytree('bar', 'foo')
shutil.copytree('baz', 'foo')
它将失败:
$ python copytree_test.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "copytree_test.py", line 5, in <module>
shutil.copytree('baz', 'foo')
File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/shutil.py", line 110, in copytree
File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/os.py", line 172, in makedirs
OSError: [Errno 17] File exists: 'foo'
我想让它像我输入的那样工作:
$ mkdir foo
$ cp bar/* foo/
$ cp baz/* foo/
我需要使用shutil.copy()复制每个文件在baz到foo?(在我已经用shutil.copytree()将'bar'的内容复制到'foo'后?)或者有更简单/更好的方法吗?
受atzz和Mital Vora启发的合并:
#!/usr/bin/python
import os
import shutil
import stat
def copytree(src, dst, symlinks = False, ignore = None):
if not os.path.exists(dst):
os.makedirs(dst)
shutil.copystat(src, dst)
lst = os.listdir(src)
if ignore:
excl = ignore(src, lst)
lst = [x for x in lst if x not in excl]
for item in lst:
s = os.path.join(src, item)
d = os.path.join(dst, item)
if symlinks and os.path.islink(s):
if os.path.lexists(d):
os.remove(d)
os.symlink(os.readlink(s), d)
try:
st = os.lstat(s)
mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
os.lchmod(d, mode)
except:
pass # lchmod not available
elif os.path.isdir(s):
copytree(s, d, symlinks, ignore)
else:
shutil.copy2(s, d)
与shutil的行为相同。复制树，具有符号链接和忽略参数
如果不存在，创建目录目标结构
如果dst已经存在，将不会失败
这是我对这个问题的看法。我修改了copytree的源代码以保持原来的功能，但是现在当目录已经存在时不会发生错误。我还修改了它，这样它就不会覆盖现有的文件，而是保留两个副本，其中一个具有修改后的名称，因为这对我的应用程序很重要。
import shutil
import os
def _copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None):
"""
This is an improved version of shutil.copytree which allows writing to
existing folders and does not overwrite existing files but instead appends
a ~1 to the file name and adds it to the destination path.
"""
names = os.listdir(src)
if ignore is not None:
ignored_names = ignore(src, names)
else:
ignored_names = set()
if not os.path.exists(dst):
os.makedirs(dst)
shutil.copystat(src, dst)
errors = []
for name in names:
if name in ignored_names:
continue
srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
i = 1
while os.path.exists(dstname) and not os.path.isdir(dstname):
parts = name.split('.')
file_name = ''
file_extension = parts[-1]
# make a new file name inserting ~1 between name and extension
for j in range(len(parts)-1):
file_name += parts[j]
if j < len(parts)-2:
file_name += '.'
suffix = file_name + '~' + str(i) + '.' + file_extension
dstname = os.path.join(dst, suffix)
i+=1
try:
if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):
linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
_copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore)
else:
shutil.copy2(srcname, dstname)
except (IOError, os.error) as why:
errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
# catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
# continue with other files
except BaseException as err:
errors.extend(err.args[0])
try:
shutil.copystat(src, dst)
except WindowsError:
# can't copy file access times on Windows
pass
except OSError as why:
errors.extend((src, dst, str(why)))
if errors:
raise BaseException(errors)
下面是这个线程启发的一个版本，它更接近地模仿distutils.file_util.copy_file。
updateonly是bool值，如果为True，将只复制修改日期比dst中现有文件更新的文件，除非在forceupdate中列出，否则无论如何都会复制。
ignore和forceupdate expect相对于src的文件名或文件夹/文件名列表，并接受类似于glob或fnmatch的unix风格通配符。
该函数返回复制的文件列表(或者如果dryrun为True，将被复制)。
import os
import shutil
import fnmatch
import stat
import itertools
def copyToDir(src, dst, updateonly=True, symlinks=True, ignore=None, forceupdate=None, dryrun=False):
def copySymLink(srclink, destlink):
if os.path.lexists(destlink):
os.remove(destlink)
os.symlink(os.readlink(srclink), destlink)
try:
st = os.lstat(srclink)
mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
os.lchmod(destlink, mode)
except OSError:
pass # lchmod not available
fc = []
if not os.path.exists(dst) and not dryrun:
os.makedirs(dst)
shutil.copystat(src, dst)
if ignore is not None:
ignorepatterns = [os.path.join(src, *x.split('/')) for x in ignore]
else:
ignorepatterns = []
if forceupdate is not None:
forceupdatepatterns = [os.path.join(src, *x.split('/')) for x in forceupdate]
else:
forceupdatepatterns = []
srclen = len(src)
for root, dirs, files in os.walk(src):
fullsrcfiles = [os.path.join(root, x) for x in files]
t = root[srclen+1:]
dstroot = os.path.join(dst, t)
fulldstfiles = [os.path.join(dstroot, x) for x in files]
excludefiles = list(itertools.chain.from_iterable([fnmatch.filter(fullsrcfiles, pattern) for pattern in ignorepatterns]))
forceupdatefiles = list(itertools.chain.from_iterable([fnmatch.filter(fullsrcfiles, pattern) for pattern in forceupdatepatterns]))
for directory in dirs:
fullsrcdir = os.path.join(src, directory)
fulldstdir = os.path.join(dstroot, directory)
if os.path.islink(fullsrcdir):
if symlinks and dryrun is False:
copySymLink(fullsrcdir, fulldstdir)
else:
if not os.path.exists(directory) and dryrun is False:
os.makedirs(os.path.join(dst, dir))
shutil.copystat(src, dst)
for s,d in zip(fullsrcfiles, fulldstfiles):
if s not in excludefiles:
if updateonly:
go = False
if os.path.isfile(d):
srcdate = os.stat(s).st_mtime
dstdate = os.stat(d).st_mtime
if srcdate > dstdate:
go = True
else:
go = True
if s in forceupdatefiles:
go = True
if go is True:
fc.append(d)
if not dryrun:
if os.path.islink(s) and symlinks is True:
copySymLink(s, d)
else:
shutil.copy2(s, d)
else:
fc.append(d)
if not dryrun:
if os.path.islink(s) and symlinks is True:
copySymLink(s, d)
else:
shutil.copy2(s, d)
return fc
受atzz和Mital Vora启发的合并:
#!/usr/bin/python
import os
import shutil
import stat
def copytree(src, dst, symlinks = False, ignore = None):
if not os.path.exists(dst):
os.makedirs(dst)
shutil.copystat(src, dst)
lst = os.listdir(src)
if ignore:
excl = ignore(src, lst)
lst = [x for x in lst if x not in excl]
for item in lst:
s = os.path.join(src, item)
d = os.path.join(dst, item)
if symlinks and os.path.islink(s):
if os.path.lexists(d):
os.remove(d)
os.symlink(os.readlink(s), d)
try:
st = os.lstat(s)
mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
os.lchmod(d, mode)
except:
pass # lchmod not available
elif os.path.isdir(s):
copytree(s, d, symlinks, ignore)
else:
shutil.copy2(s, d)
与shutil的行为相同。复制树，具有符号链接和忽略参数
如果不存在，创建目录目标结构
如果dst已经存在，将不会失败
以前的解决方案有一些问题，src可能会覆盖dst没有任何通知或异常。
我添加了一个predict_error方法来在复制之前预测错误。复制树主要基于西里尔庞特维欧的版本。
首先使用predict_error预测所有错误是最好的，除非您希望在执行copytree直至修复所有错误时看到一个接一个地引发异常。
def predict_error(src, dst):
if os.path.exists(dst):
src_isdir = os.path.isdir(src)
dst_isdir = os.path.isdir(dst)
if src_isdir and dst_isdir:
pass
elif src_isdir and not dst_isdir:
yield {dst:'src is dir but dst is file.'}
elif not src_isdir and dst_isdir:
yield {dst:'src is file but dst is dir.'}
else:
yield {dst:'already exists a file with same name in dst'}
if os.path.isdir(src):
for item in os.listdir(src):
s = os.path.join(src, item)
d = os.path.join(dst, item)
for e in predict_error(s, d):
yield e
def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, overwrite=False):
'''
would overwrite if src and dst are both file
but would not use folder overwrite file, or viceverse
'''
if not overwrite:
errors = list(predict_error(src, dst))
if errors:
raise Exception('copy would overwrite some file, error detail:%s' % errors)
if not os.path.exists(dst):
os.makedirs(dst)
shutil.copystat(src, dst)
lst = os.listdir(src)
if ignore:
excl = ignore(src, lst)
lst = [x for x in lst if x not in excl]
for item in lst:
s = os.path.join(src, item)
d = os.path.join(dst, item)
if symlinks and os.path.islink(s):
if os.path.lexists(d):
os.remove(d)
os.symlink(os.readlink(s), d)
try:
st = os.lstat(s)
mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
os.lchmod(d, mode)
except:
pass # lchmod not available
elif os.path.isdir(s):
copytree(s, d, symlinks, ignore)
else:
if not overwrite:
if os.path.exists(d):
continue
shutil.copy2(s, d)
