我刚刚扫描的所有答案的缺失形式是终结器更安全的替代品。关于使用try-with-resources和避免终结器，所有其他答案都是正确的，因为它们不可靠，现在已弃用……

但是他们没有提到清洁工。Java 9中添加了清洁器，以一种比终结器更好的方式显式地处理清理工作。

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/9/docs/api/java/lang/ref/Cleaner.html

不，这里没有析构函数。原因是所有Java对象都是堆分配和垃圾收集。没有显式的释放(即c++的delete操作符)，就没有实现真正析构函数的合理方法。

Java does support finalizers, but they are meant to be used only as a safeguard for objects holding a handle to native resources like sockets, file handles, window handles, etc. When the garbage collector collects an object without a finalizer it simply marks the memory region as free and that's it. When the object has a finalizer, it's first copied into a temporary location (remember, we're garbage collecting here), then it's enqueued into a waiting-to-be-finalized queue and then a Finalizer thread polls the queue with very low priority and runs the finalizer.

当应用程序退出时，JVM停止而不等待挂起的对象完成，因此实际上不能保证终结器将运行。

随着Java 1.7的发布，现在有了使用try-with-resources块的额外选项。例如,

public class Closeable implements AutoCloseable {
    @Override
    public void close() {
        System.out.println("closing..."); 
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try (Closeable c = new Closeable()) {
            System.out.println("trying..."); 
            throw new Exception("throwing..."); 
        }
        catch (Exception e) {
            System.out.println("catching..."); 
        }
        finally {
            System.out.println("finalizing..."); 
        } 
    }
}

如果执行这个类，则在try块剩余时，在catch块和finally块执行之前，将执行c.close()。与finalize()方法不同，close()保证被执行。但是，不需要在finally子句中显式地执行它。

我同意大部分答案。

你不应该完全依赖finalize或ShutdownHook

完成

The JVM does not guarantee when this finalize() method will be invoked. finalize() gets called only once by GC thread. If an object revives itself from finalizing method, then finalize will not be called again. In your application, you may have some live objects, on which garbage collection is never invoked. Any Exception that is thrown by the finalizing method is ignored by the GC thread System.runFinalization(true) and Runtime.getRuntime().runFinalization(true) methods increase the probability of invoking finalize() method but now these two methods have been deprecated. These methods are very dangerous due to lack of thread safety and possible deadlock creation.

shutdownHooks

public void addShutdownHook(Thread hook)

注册一个新的虚拟机关闭钩子。

Java虚拟机在响应两种事件时关闭:

The program exits normally, when the last non-daemon thread exits or when the exit (equivalently, System.exit) method is invoked, or The virtual machine is terminated in response to a user interrupt, such as typing ^C, or a system-wide event, such as user logoff or system shutdown. A shutdown hook is simply an initialized but non-started thread. When the virtual machine begins its shutdown sequence it will start all registered shutdown hooks in some unspecified order and let them run concurrently. When all the hooks have finished it will then run all uninvoked finalizers if finalization-on-exit has been enabled. Finally, the virtual machine will halt. Note that daemon threads will continue to run during the shutdown sequence, as will non-daemon threads if the shutdown was initiated by invoking the exit method. Shutdown hooks should also finish their work quickly. When a program invokes exit the expectation is that the virtual machine will promptly shut down and exit. But even Oracle documentation quoted that

在极少数情况下，虚拟机可能会中止，即停止运行而不完全关闭

这发生在虚拟机从外部终止时，例如在Unix上使用SIGKILL信号或在Microsoft Windows上使用TerminateProcess调用。如果本机方法出错，虚拟机也可能中止，例如破坏内部数据结构或试图访问不存在的内存。如果虚拟机中止，则不能保证是否会运行任何shutdown钩子。

结论:合理使用try{} catch{} finally{}块，释放finally(}块中的关键资源。在finally{}块中释放资源时，捕获Exception和Throwable。

在Java中，最接近析构函数的是finalize()方法。与传统析构函数的最大区别在于，您不能确定何时调用它，因为这是垃圾收集器的职责。我强烈建议在使用它之前仔细阅读它，因为用于文件句柄等的典型RAIA模式不能可靠地使用finalize()。

首先，请注意，由于Java是垃圾收集的，因此很少需要对对象销毁做任何事情。首先是因为你通常没有任何托管资源可以释放，其次是因为你无法预测它何时或是否会发生，所以当你需要“一旦没有人再使用我的对象”就发生的事情是不合适的。

你可以使用java.lang.ref.PhantomReference在一个对象被销毁后得到通知(实际上，说它已经被销毁可能有点不准确，但如果对它的幻影引用处于队列中，那么它就不再是可恢复的，这通常是一样的)。常见的用法是:

Separate out the resource(s) in your class that need to be destructed into another helper object (note that if all you're doing is closing a connection, which is a common case, you don't need to write a new class: the connection to be closed would be the "helper object" in that case). When you create your main object, create also a PhantomReference to it. Either have this refer to the new helper object, or set up a map from PhantomReference objects to their corresponding helper objects. After the main object is collected, the PhantomReference is queued (or rather it may be queued - like finalizers there is no guarantee it ever will be, for example if the VM exits then it won't wait). Make sure you're processing its queue (either in a special thread or from time to time). Because of the hard reference to the helper object, the helper object has not yet been collected. So do whatever cleanup you like on the helper object, then discard the PhantomReference and the helper will eventually be collected too.

还有finalize()，它看起来像析构函数，但行为并不像析构函数。这通常不是一个好的选择。