在Python中对正则表达式使用compile有什么好处吗?

h = re.compile('hello')
h.match('hello world')

vs

re.match('hello', 'hello world')

当前回答

下面是一个简单的测试用例:

~$ for x in 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000; do python -m timeit -n $x -s 'import re' 're.match("[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{4}", "123-123-1234")'; done
1 loops, best of 3: 3.1 usec per loop
10 loops, best of 3: 2.41 usec per loop
100 loops, best of 3: 2.24 usec per loop
1000 loops, best of 3: 2.21 usec per loop
10000 loops, best of 3: 2.23 usec per loop
100000 loops, best of 3: 2.24 usec per loop
1000000 loops, best of 3: 2.31 usec per loop

re.compile:

~$ for x in 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000; do python -m timeit -n $x -s 'import re' 'r = re.compile("[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{4}")' 'r.match("123-123-1234")'; done
1 loops, best of 3: 1.91 usec per loop
10 loops, best of 3: 0.691 usec per loop
100 loops, best of 3: 0.701 usec per loop
1000 loops, best of 3: 0.684 usec per loop
10000 loops, best of 3: 0.682 usec per loop
100000 loops, best of 3: 0.694 usec per loop
1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.702 usec per loop

因此,这种简单的情况下编译似乎更快,即使只匹配一次。

其他回答

我的理解是,这两个例子实际上是等价的。唯一的区别是,在第一种情况下,您可以在其他地方重用已编译的正则表达式,而不会导致再次编译它。

这里有一个参考:http://diveintopython3.ep.io/refactoring.html

使用字符串'M'调用已编译模式对象的搜索函数,其效果与同时使用正则表达式和字符串'M'调用re.search相同。只是要快得多。(事实上,re.search函数只是编译正则表达式,并为您调用结果模式对象的搜索方法。)

(几个月后)很容易在re.match周围添加自己的缓存, 或者其他任何事情——

""" Re.py: Re.match = re.match + cache  
    efficiency: re.py does this already (but what's _MAXCACHE ?)
    readability, inline / separate: matter of taste
"""

import re

cache = {}
_re_type = type( re.compile( "" ))

def match( pattern, str, *opt ):
    """ Re.match = re.match + cache re.compile( pattern ) 
    """
    if type(pattern) == _re_type:
        cpat = pattern
    elif pattern in cache:
        cpat = cache[pattern]
    else:
        cpat = cache[pattern] = re.compile( pattern, *opt )
    return cpat.match( str )

# def search ...

一个wibni,如果:cachehint(size=), cacheinfo() -> size, hits, nclear…

我有很多运行一个编译过的正则表达式和实时编译的经验,并没有注意到任何可感知的差异。显然,这只是传闻,当然也不是反对编译的有力论据,但我发现两者之间的差异可以忽略不计。

编辑: 在快速浏览了实际的Python 2.5库代码后,我发现无论何时使用正则表达式(包括调用re.match()), Python都会在内部编译和缓存正则表达式,因此实际上只在正则表达式被编译时进行更改,并且不应该节省太多时间——只节省检查缓存所需的时间(对内部dict类型的键查找)。

来自re.py模块(评论是我的):

def match(pattern, string, flags=0):
    return _compile(pattern, flags).match(string)

def _compile(*key):

    # Does cache check at top of function
    cachekey = (type(key[0]),) + key
    p = _cache.get(cachekey)
    if p is not None: return p

    # ...
    # Does actual compilation on cache miss
    # ...

    # Caches compiled regex
    if len(_cache) >= _MAXCACHE:
        _cache.clear()
    _cache[cachekey] = p
    return p

我仍然经常预编译正则表达式,但只是为了将它们绑定到一个漂亮的、可重用的名称,而不是为了任何预期的性能提升。

我有很多运行编译过的regex 1000的经验 与实时编译相比,并没有注意到 任何可感知的差异

对已接受答案的投票导致假设@Triptych所说的对所有情况都是正确的。这并不一定是真的。一个很大的区别是当你必须决定是接受一个正则表达式字符串还是一个编译过的正则表达式对象作为函数的参数时:

>>> timeit.timeit(setup="""
... import re
... f=lambda x, y: x.match(y)       # accepts compiled regex as parameter
... h=re.compile('hello')
... """, stmt="f(h, 'hello world')")
0.32881879806518555
>>> timeit.timeit(setup="""
... import re
... f=lambda x, y: re.compile(x).match(y)   # compiles when called
... """, stmt="f('hello', 'hello world')")
0.809190034866333

编译正则表达式总是更好的,以防需要重用它们。

请注意,上面timeit中的示例模拟在导入时一次创建已编译的regex对象,而不是在需要匹配时“动态”创建。

Ubuntu 22.04:

$ python --version
Python 3.10.6

$ for x in 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000; do python -m timeit -n $x -s 'import re' 're.match("[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{4}", "123-123-1234")'; done
1 loop, best of 5: 972 nsec per loop
:0: UserWarning: The test results are likely unreliable. The worst time (186 usec) was more than four times slower than the best time (972 nsec).
10 loops, best of 5: 819 nsec per loop
:0: UserWarning: The test results are likely unreliable. The worst time (13.9 usec) was more than four times slower than the best time (819 nsec).
100 loops, best of 5: 763 nsec per loop
1000 loops, best of 5: 699 nsec per loop
10000 loops, best of 5: 653 nsec per loop
100000 loops, best of 5: 655 nsec per loop
1000000 loops, best of 5: 656 nsec per loop

$ for x in 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000; do python -m timeit -n $x -s 'import re' 'r = re.compile("[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{4}")' 'r.match("123-123-1234")'; done
1 loop, best of 5: 985 nsec per loop
:0: UserWarning: The test results are likely unreliable. The worst time (134 usec) was more than four times slower than the best time (985 nsec).
10 loops, best of 5: 775 nsec per loop
:0: UserWarning: The test results are likely unreliable. The worst time (13.9 usec) was more than four times slower than the best time (775 nsec).
100 loops, best of 5: 756 nsec per loop
1000 loops, best of 5: 701 nsec per loop
10000 loops, best of 5: 704 nsec per loop
100000 loops, best of 5: 654 nsec per loop
1000000 loops, best of 5: 651 nsec per loop