我在使用带有多个标志的getopts时遇到了麻烦，所以我编写了这段代码。它使用一个模态变量来检测标志，并使用这些标志为变量分配参数。

注意，如果一个标志不应该有参数，除了设置CURRENTFLAG之外，还可以执行其他操作。

    for MYFIELD in "$@"; do

        CHECKFIRST=`echo $MYFIELD | cut -c1`

        if [ "$CHECKFIRST" == "-" ]; then
            mode="flag"
        else
            mode="arg"
        fi

        if [ "$mode" == "flag" ]; then
            case $MYFIELD in
                -a)
                    CURRENTFLAG="VARIABLE_A"
                    ;;
                -b)
                    CURRENTFLAG="VARIABLE_B"
                    ;;
                -c)
                    CURRENTFLAG="VARIABLE_C"
                    ;;
            esac
        elif [ "$mode" == "arg" ]; then
            case $CURRENTFLAG in
                VARIABLE_A)
                    VARIABLE_A="$MYFIELD"
                    ;;
                VARIABLE_B)
                    VARIABLE_B="$MYFIELD"
                    ;;
                VARIABLE_C)
                    VARIABLE_C="$MYFIELD"
                    ;;
            esac
        fi
    done

另一种选择是使用类似下面例子的东西，它允许你使用长——image或短的-i标签，还允许编译-i="example.jpg"或单独的-i example.jpg方法来传递参数。

# declaring a couple of associative arrays
declare -A arguments=();  
declare -A variables=();

# declaring an index integer
declare -i index=1;

# any variables you want to use here
# on the left left side is argument label or key (entered at the command line along with it's value) 
# on the right side is the variable name the value of these arguments should be mapped to.
# (the examples above show how these are being passed into this script)
variables["-gu"]="git_user";  
variables["--git-user"]="git_user";  
variables["-gb"]="git_branch";  
variables["--git-branch"]="git_branch";  
variables["-dbr"]="db_fqdn";  
variables["--db-redirect"]="db_fqdn";  
variables["-e"]="environment";  
variables["--environment"]="environment";

# $@ here represents all arguments passed in
for i in "$@"  
do  
  arguments[$index]=$i;
  prev_index="$(expr $index - 1)";

  # this if block does something akin to "where $i contains ="
  # "%=*" here strips out everything from the = to the end of the argument leaving only the label
  if [[ $i == *"="* ]]
    then argument_label=${i%=*} 
    else argument_label=${arguments[$prev_index]}
  fi

  # this if block only evaluates to true if the argument label exists in the variables array
  if [[ -n ${variables[$argument_label]} ]]
    then
        # dynamically creating variables names using declare
        # "#$argument_label=" here strips out the label leaving only the value
        if [[ $i == *"="* ]]
            then declare ${variables[$argument_label]}=${i#$argument_label=} 
            else declare ${variables[$argument_label]}=${arguments[$index]}
        fi
  fi

  index=index+1;
done;

# then you could simply use the variables like so:
echo "$git_user";

这个例子使用了Bash内置的getopts命令，来自谷歌Shell样式指南:

a_flag=''
b_flag=''
files=''
verbose='false'

print_usage() {
  printf "Usage: ..."
}

while getopts 'abf:v' flag; do
  case "${flag}" in
    a) a_flag='true' ;;
    b) b_flag='true' ;;
    f) files="${OPTARG}" ;;
    v) verbose='true' ;;
    *) print_usage
       exit 1 ;;
  esac
done

注意:如果一个字符后面跟着一个冒号(例如f:)，该选项应该有一个参数。

使用示例:./script -v -a -b -f filename . txt

使用getopts比接受的答案有几个优点:

while条件可读性更强，并显示了接受的选项是什么 清洁代码;不计算参数个数和移位 您可以连接选项(例如-a -b -c→-abc)

然而，一个很大的缺点是它不支持长选项，只支持单字符选项。

#!/bin/bash

if getopts "n:" arg; then
  echo "Welcome $OPTARG"
fi

保存为sample.sh 试着跑步

sh sample.sh -n John

在你的终端。

这就是我的解。我希望能够处理布尔标志没有连字符，一个连字符，和两个连字符以及参数/值分配一个和两个连字符。

# Handle multiple types of arguments and prints some variables
#
# Boolean flags
# 1) No hyphen
#    create   Assigns `true` to the variable `CREATE`.
#             Default is `CREATE_DEFAULT`.
#    delete   Assigns true to the variable `DELETE`.
#             Default is `DELETE_DEFAULT`.
# 2) One hyphen
#      a      Assigns `true` to a. Default is `false`.
#      b      Assigns `true` to b. Default is `false`.
# 3) Two hyphens
#    cats     Assigns `true` to `cats`. By default is not set.
#    dogs     Assigns `true` to `cats`. By default is not set.
#
# Parameter - Value
# 1) One hyphen
#      c      Assign any value you want
#      d      Assign any value you want
#
# 2) Two hyphens
#   ... Anything really, whatever two-hyphen argument is given that is not
#       defined as flag, will be defined with the next argument after it.
#
# Example:
# ./parser_example.sh delete -a -c VA_1 --cats --dir /path/to/dir
parser() {
    # Define arguments with one hyphen that are boolean flags
    HYPHEN_FLAGS="a b"
    # Define arguments with two hyphens that are boolean flags
    DHYPHEN_FLAGS="cats dogs"

    # Iterate over all the arguments
    while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
        # Handle the arguments with no hyphen
        if [[ $1 != "-"* ]]; then
            echo "Argument with no hyphen!"
            echo $1
            # Assign true to argument $1
            declare $1=true
            # Shift arguments by one to the left
            shift
        # Handle the arguments with one hyphen
        elif [[ $1 == "-"[A-Za-z0-9]* ]]; then
            # Handle the flags
            if [[ $HYPHEN_FLAGS == *"${1/-/}"* ]]; then
                echo "Argument with one hyphen flag!"
                echo $1
                # Remove the hyphen from $1
                local param="${1/-/}"
                # Assign true to $param
                declare $param=true
                # Shift by one
                shift
            # Handle the parameter-value cases
            else
                echo "Argument with one hyphen value!"
                echo $1 $2
                # Remove the hyphen from $1
                local param="${1/-/}"
                # Assign argument $2 to $param
                declare $param="$2"
                # Shift by two
                shift 2
            fi
        # Handle the arguments with two hyphens
        elif [[ $1 == "--"[A-Za-z0-9]* ]]; then
            # NOTE: For double hyphen I am using `declare -g $param`.
            #   This is the case because I am assuming that's going to be
            #   the final name of the variable
            echo "Argument with two hypens!"
            # Handle the flags
            if [[ $DHYPHEN_FLAGS == *"${1/--/}"* ]]; then
                echo $1 true
                # Remove the hyphens from $1
                local param="${1/--/}"
                # Assign argument $2 to $param
                declare -g $param=true
                # Shift by two
                shift
            # Handle the parameter-value cases
            else
                echo $1 $2
                # Remove the hyphens from $1
                local param="${1/--/}"
                # Assign argument $2 to $param
                declare -g $param="$2"
                # Shift by two
                shift 2
            fi
        fi

    done
    # Default value for arguments with no hypheb
    CREATE=${create:-'CREATE_DEFAULT'}
    DELETE=${delete:-'DELETE_DEFAULT'}
    # Default value for arguments with one hypen flag
    VAR1=${a:-false}
    VAR2=${b:-false}
    # Default value for arguments with value
    # NOTE1: This is just for illustration in one line. We can well create
    #   another function to handle this. Here I am handling the cases where
    #   we have a full named argument and a contraction of it.
    #   For example `--arg1` can be also set with `-c`.
    # NOTE2: What we are doing here is to check if $arg is defined. If not,
    #   check if $c was defined. If not, assign the default value "VD_"
    VAR3=$(if [[ $arg1 ]]; then echo $arg1; else echo ${c:-"VD_1"}; fi)
    VAR4=$(if [[ $arg2 ]]; then echo $arg2; else echo ${d:-"VD_2"}; fi)
}


# Pass all the arguments given to the script to the parser function
parser "$@"


echo $CREATE $DELETE $VAR1 $VAR2 $VAR3 $VAR4 $cats $dir

一些参考

这里发现了主要的程序。 更多关于将所有参数传递给函数的信息。 更多关于默认值的信息。 更多关于declare的信息do $ bash -c "help declare" 更多关于shift的信息do $ bash -c "help shift"

如果你熟悉Python的argparse，并且不介意调用Python来解析bash参数，我发现有一段代码非常有用，而且超级容易使用，叫做argparse-bash https://github.com/nhoffman/argparse-bash

示例取自他们的Example .sh脚本:

#!/bin/bash

source $(dirname $0)/argparse.bash || exit 1
argparse "$@" <<EOF || exit 1
parser.add_argument('infile')
parser.add_argument('outfile')
parser.add_argument('-a', '--the-answer', default=42, type=int,
                    help='Pick a number [default %(default)s]')
parser.add_argument('-d', '--do-the-thing', action='store_true',
                    default=False, help='store a boolean [default %(default)s]')
parser.add_argument('-m', '--multiple', nargs='+',
                    help='multiple values allowed')
EOF

echo required infile: "$INFILE"
echo required outfile: "$OUTFILE"
echo the answer: "$THE_ANSWER"
echo -n do the thing?
if [[ $DO_THE_THING ]]; then
    echo " yes, do it"
else
    echo " no, do not do it"
fi
echo -n "arg with multiple values: "
for a in "${MULTIPLE[@]}"; do
    echo -n "[$a] "
done
echo