看看这个链接:http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/mysql-indexes.html

它们是如何工作的，这是一个太宽泛的主题，无法在一篇SO帖子中涵盖。

下面是我所见过的关于索引的最好的解释之一。不幸的是，它是SQL Server而不是MySQL。我不确定这两者有多相似……

我想发表我的意见。我还远不是数据库专家，但我最近读了一些关于这个主题的文章;足以让我试着申请ELI5。所以，这是一个外行的解释。

我的理解是，索引就像你的表的迷你镜子，很像一个关联数组。如果你给它一个匹配的键，那么你可以在一个“命令”中跳转到那一行。

但是如果没有索引/数组，查询解释器必须使用for循环遍历所有行并检查是否匹配(全表扫描)。

拥有索引的“缺点”是额外的存储空间(用于迷你镜像)，而“优点”是更快地查找内容。

请注意(依赖于您的db引擎)创建主键、外键或唯一键会自动设置各自的索引。同样的原理基本上就是这些钥匙为什么以及如何工作。

在答案列表中添加一些可视化表示。

MySQL使用了一个额外的间接层:次要索引记录指向主索引记录，主索引本身保存磁盘上的行位置。如果行偏移量发生变化，则只需要更新主索引。

注意:磁盘数据结构在图中看起来是平面的，但实际上是一个 B +树。

来源:链接

Let's suppose you have a book, probably a novel, a thick one with lots of things to read, hence lots of words. Now, hypothetically, you brought two dictionaries, consisting of only words that are only used, at least one time in the novel. All words in that two dictionaries are stored in typical alphabetical order. In hypothetical dictionary A, words are printed only once while in hypothetical dictionary B words are printed as many numbers of times it is printed in the novel. Remember, words are sorted alphabetically in both the dictionaries. Now you got stuck at some point while reading a novel and need to find the meaning of that word from anyone of those hypothetical dictionaries. What you will do? Surely you will jump to that word in a few steps to find its meaning, rather look for the meaning of each of the words in the novel, from starting, until you reach that bugging word.

这就是SQL中索引的工作方式。假设字典A是PRIMARY INDEX，字典B是KEY/SECONDARY INDEX，并将获取单词含义的愿望作为QUERY/SELECT语句。 索引将有助于以非常快的速度获取数据。如果没有索引，您将不得不从头开始查找数据，这是一项不必要的耗时且昂贵的任务。

有关索引和类型的更多信息，请看这个。

在MySQL InnoDB中，有两种索引类型。

Primary key which is called clustered index. Index key words are stored with real record data in the B+Tree leaf node. Secondary key which is non clustered index. These index only store primary key's key words along with their own index key words in the B+Tree leaf node. So when searching from secondary index, it will first find its primary key index key words and scan the primary key B+Tree to find the real data records. This will make secondary index slower compared to primary index search. However, if the select columns are all in the secondary index, then no need to look up primary index B+Tree again. This is called covering index.

看这个视频了解更多关于索引的细节

简单的索引 您可以在表上创建唯一的索引。唯一索引意味着两行不能有相同的索引值。下面是在表上创建Index的语法

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name
ON table_name ( column1, column2,...);

您可以使用一个或多个列来创建索引。例如，我们可以使用tutorial_author在tutorials_tbl上创建索引。

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX AUTHOR_INDEX
ON tutorials_tbl (tutorial_author)

您可以在表上创建一个简单的索引。只需从查询中省略UNIQUE关键字以创建简单的索引。简单索引允许表中有重复的值。

如果要按降序索引列中的值，可以在列名后添加保留字DESC。

mysql> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX AUTHOR_INDEX
ON tutorials_tbl (tutorial_author DESC)