我对什么是不可变类型感到困惑。我知道float对象被认为是不可变的,我的书中有这样的例子:
class RoundFloat(float):
def __new__(cls, val):
return float.__new__(cls, round(val, 2))
因为类结构/层次结构,这被认为是不可变的吗?,这意味着float位于类的顶部,是它自己的方法调用。类似于这种类型的例子(即使我的书说dict是可变的):
class SortedKeyDict(dict):
def __new__(cls, val):
return dict.__new__(cls, val.clear())
然而,可变的东西在类中有方法,例如:
class SortedKeyDict_a(dict):
def example(self):
return self.keys()
同样,对于最后一个类(SortedKeyDict_a),如果我将这种类型的set传递给它:
d = (('zheng-cai', 67), ('hui-jun', 68),('xin-yi', 2))
不调用示例方法,它将返回一个字典。带有__new__的SortedKeyDict将其标记为错误。我尝试用__new__将整数传递给RoundFloat类,它没有标记错误。
在Python中,有一种简单的方法可以知道:
不变的:
>>> s='asd'
>>> s is 'asd'
True
>>> s=None
>>> s is None
True
>>> s=123
>>> s is 123
True
可变的:
>>> s={}
>>> s is {}
False
>>> {} is {}
Flase
>>> s=[1,2]
>>> s is [1,2]
False
>>> s=(1,2)
>>> s is (1,2)
False
And:
>>> s=abs
>>> s is abs
True
所以我认为内置函数在Python中也是不可变的。
但我真的不明白float是如何工作的:
>>> s=12.3
>>> s is 12.3
False
>>> 12.3 is 12.3
True
>>> s == 12.3
True
>>> id(12.3)
140241478380112
>>> id(s)
140241478380256
>>> s=12.3
>>> id(s)
140241478380112
>>> id(12.3)
140241478380256
>>> id(12.3)
140241478380256
太奇怪了。
如果你是从另一种语言(除了一种非常像Python的语言,比如Ruby)学习Python的,并且坚持用另一种语言来理解它,下面是人们通常会感到困惑的地方:
>>> a = 1
>>> a = 2 # I thought int was immutable, but I just changed it?!
在Python中,赋值不是突变。
在c++中,如果你写a = 2,你是在调用a.operator=(2),这将改变存储在a中的对象(如果a中没有存储对象,这是一个错误)。
在Python中,a = 2对存储在a;它只是意味着2现在存储在a中。(如果a中没有存储对象,也没关系。)
归根结底,这是更深层次区别的一部分。
在c++这样的语言中,变量是内存中的类型化位置。如果a是int型,这意味着它有4个字节,编译器知道它应该被解释为int型。当你令a = 2时,它改变了存储在这4个字节内存中的内容从0,0,0,1变成了0,0,0,2。如果在其他地方有另一个int变量,它有自己的4个字节。
A variable in a language like Python is a name for an object that has a life of its own. There's an object for the number 1, and another object for the number 2. And a isn't 4 bytes of memory that are represented as an int, it's just a name that points at the 1 object. It doesn't make sense for a = 2 to turn the number 1 into the number 2 (that would give any Python programmer way too much power to change the fundamental workings of the universe); what it does instead is just make a forget the 1 object and point at the 2 object instead.
如果赋值不是突变,那么什么是突变呢?
Calling a method that's documented to mutate, like a.append(b). (Note that these methods almost always return None). Immutable types do not have any such methods, mutable types usually do.
Assigning to a part of the object, like a.spam = b or a[0] = b. Immutable types do not allow assignment to attributes or elements, mutable types usually allow one or the other.
Sometimes using augmented assignment, like a += b, sometimes not. Mutable types usually mutate the value; immutable types never do, and give you a copy instead (they calculate a + b, then assign the result to a).
但如果赋值不是突变,那么对象的一部分赋值是如何突变的呢?这就是棘手的地方。a[0] = b不会改变[0](再次,不像c++),但它会改变a(不像c++,除非是间接的)。
这就是为什么最好不要尝试按照您习惯的语言来理解Python的语义,而是根据Python的语义来学习Python的语义。
一个类是不可变的,如果该类的每个对象在实例化时都有一个固定的值,以后不能更改
换句话说,要么改变变量(名称)的整个值,要么就不管它。
例子:
my_string = "Hello world"
my_string[0] = "h"
print my_string
你希望这可以工作并打印hello world,但这将抛出以下错误:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 4, in <module>
my_string[0] = "h"
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
解释器说:我不能改变这个字符串的第一个字符
你将不得不改变整个字符串,以使其工作:
my_string = "Hello World"
my_string = "hello world"
print my_string #hello world
查看这个表格:
源
什么?浮点数是不可变的?但我做不到
x = 5.0
x += 7.0
print x # 12.0
那不是"mut" x吗?
你同意字符串是不可变的,对吧?但你可以做同样的事情。
s = 'foo'
s += 'bar'
print s # foobar
变量的值会改变,但改变的方式是改变变量所指向的对象。可变类型可以这样改变,也可以“就地”改变。
区别就在这里。
x = something # immutable type
print x
func(x)
print x # prints the same thing
x = something # mutable type
print x
func(x)
print x # might print something different
x = something # immutable type
y = x
print x
# some statement that operates on y
print x # prints the same thing
x = something # mutable type
y = x
print x
# some statement that operates on y
print x # might print something different
具体的例子
x = 'foo'
y = x
print x # foo
y += 'bar'
print x # foo
x = [1, 2, 3]
y = x
print x # [1, 2, 3]
y += [3, 2, 1]
print x # [1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1]
def func(val):
val += 'bar'
x = 'foo'
print x # foo
func(x)
print x # foo
def func(val):
val += [3, 2, 1]
x = [1, 2, 3]
print x # [1, 2, 3]
func(x)
print x # [1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1]