我使用的是Arch Linux，在尝试了以上所有的答案后，我意识到我的机器上启用了防火墙，nftables，并禁用它。我说:

sudo systemctl disable nftables
sudo systemctl stop nftables
sudo reboot

我的网卡:

➜  ~ ip link
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: enp1s0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 68:f7:28:84:e7:fe brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: wlp2s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP mode DORMANT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether d0:7e:35:d2:42:6d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
4: docker0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP mode DEFAULT group default 
    link/ether 02:42:43:3f:ff:94 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
5: br-c51881f83e32: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default 
    link/ether 02:42:ae:34:49:c3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
6: br-c5b2a1d25a86: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default 
    link/ether 02:42:72:d3:6f:4d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
8: veth56f42a2@if7: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue master docker0 state UP mode DEFAULT group default 
    link/ether 8e:70:36:10:4e:83 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0

和我的防火墙配置，/etc/nftables.conf，我现在禁用了，将来会尝试改进，这样我就可以正确设置docker0网卡规则:

#!/usr/bin/nft -f
# vim:set ts=2 sw=2 et:

# IPv4/IPv6 Simple & Safe firewall ruleset.
# More examples in /usr/share/nftables/ and /usr/share/doc/nftables/examples/.

table inet filter
delete table inet filter
table inet filter {
  chain input {
    type filter hook input priority filter
    policy drop

    ct state invalid drop comment "early drop of invalid connections"
    ct state {established, related} accept comment "allow tracked connections"
    iifname lo accept comment "allow from loopback"
    ip protocol icmp accept comment "allow icmp"
    meta l4proto ipv6-icmp accept comment "allow icmp v6"
    #tcp dport ssh accept comment "allow sshd"
    pkttype host limit rate 5/second counter reject with icmpx type admin-prohibited
    counter
  }
  chain forward {
    type filter hook forward priority filter
    policy drop
  }

对我来说，是主机的防火墙。我必须在主机的防火墙上允许DNS。并且在更改主机防火墙设置后不得不重新启动docker。

已经有很多好的答案了。我最近在我的橙色pi pc运行armbian时遇到了类似的问题。Docker容器无法连接互联网。这个命令解决了我的问题。所以我喜欢分享它

docker run --security-opt seccomp=unconfined imageName

重启docker的方法不是手动，而是使用service或systemctl命令:

service docker restart

or

systemctl restart docker

为子孙后代分享一个简单而有效的解决方案。当我们运行docker容器时，没有显式地提到——network标志，它连接到它的默认网桥网络，这禁止连接到外部世界。为了解决这个问题，我们必须创建自己的网桥网络(用户定义的网桥)，并且必须使用docker run命令显式地提到它。

docker network create --driver bridge mynetwork
docker run -it --network mynetwork image:version

我在这里尝试了大部分答案，但唯一有效的是重新创建网络:

$ docker network rm the-network
$ docker network create --driver=bridge the-network

我还需要重新创建使用它的docker容器:

$ sudo docker create --name the-name --network the-network

然后是互联网接入。