下面的代码可以运行10个线程同时打印0到99之间的数字：

from threading import Thread

def test():
    for i in range(0, 100):
        print(i)

thread_list = []

for _ in range(0, 10):
    thread = Thread(target=test)
    thread_list.append(thread)

for thread in thread_list:
    thread.start()

for thread in thread_list:
    thread.join()

下面的代码是上述代码循环版本的简写，运行10个线程，同时打印0到99之间的数字：

from threading import Thread

def test():
    [print(i) for i in range(0, 100)]

thread_list = [Thread(target=test) for _ in range(0, 10)]

[thread.start() for thread in thread_list]

[thread.join() for thread in thread_list]

结果如下：

...
99
83
97
84
98
99
85
86
87
88
...

Alex Martelli的回答对我有所帮助。不过，这里有一个我认为更有用的修改版本（至少对我来说）。

更新：可在Python 2和Python 3中使用

try:
    # For Python 3
    import queue
    from urllib.request import urlopen
except:
    # For Python 2 
    import Queue as queue
    from urllib2 import urlopen

import threading

worker_data = ['http://google.com', 'http://yahoo.com', 'http://bing.com']

# Load up a queue with your data. This will handle locking
q = queue.Queue()
for url in worker_data:
    q.put(url)

# Define a worker function
def worker(url_queue):
    queue_full = True
    while queue_full:
        try:
            # Get your data off the queue, and do some work
            url = url_queue.get(False)
            data = urlopen(url).read()
            print(len(data))

        except queue.Empty:
            queue_full = False

# Create as many threads as you want
thread_count = 5
for i in range(thread_count):
    t = threading.Thread(target=worker, args = (q,))
    t.start()

作为第二个anwser的python3版本：

import queue as Queue
import threading
import urllib.request

# Called by each thread
def get_url(q, url):
    q.put(urllib.request.urlopen(url).read())

theurls = ["http://google.com", "http://yahoo.com", "http://www.python.org","https://wiki.python.org/moin/"]

q = Queue.Queue()
def thread_func():
    for u in theurls:
        t = threading.Thread(target=get_url, args = (q,u))
        t.daemon = True
        t.start()

    s = q.get()
    
def non_thread_func():
    for u in theurls:
        get_url(q,u)
        

    s = q.get()
   

您可以测试它：

start = time.time()
thread_func()
end = time.time()
print(end - start)

start = time.time()
non_thread_func()
end = time.time()
print(end - start)

non_thread_func（）花费的时间应该是thread_func（）的4倍

这很容易理解。这里有两种简单的线程处理方法。

import time
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed
import threading

def a(a=1, b=2):
    print(a)
    time.sleep(5)
    print(b)
    return a+b

def b(**kwargs):
    if "a" in kwargs:
        print("am b")
    else:
        print("nothing")
        
to_do=[]
executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4)
ex1=executor.submit(a)
to_do.append(ex1)
ex2=executor.submit(b, **{"a":1})
to_do.append(ex2)

for future in as_completed(to_do):
    print("Future {} and Future Return is {}\n".format(future, future.result()))

print("threading")

to_do=[]
to_do.append(threading.Thread(target=a))
to_do.append(threading.Thread(target=b, kwargs={"a":1}))

for threads in to_do:
    threads.start()
    
for threads in to_do:
    threads.join()

自2010年提出这个问题以来，如何使用带有映射和池的Python进行简单的多线程处理已经得到了真正的简化。

下面的代码来自一篇文章/博客文章，您应该明确查看（没有从属关系）-一行中的并行性：一个更好的日常线程任务模型。我将在下面总结一下——它最终只是几行代码：

from multiprocessing.dummy import Pool as ThreadPool
pool = ThreadPool(4)
results = pool.map(my_function, my_array)

以下是多线程版本：

results = []
for item in my_array:
    results.append(my_function(item))

描述

Map是一个很酷的小函数，是将并行性轻松注入Python代码的关键。对于那些不熟悉的人来说，map是从Lisp这样的函数语言中提取出来的。它是一个将另一个函数映射到序列上的函数。Map为我们处理序列上的迭代，应用函数，并在最后将所有结果存储在一个方便的列表中。

实施

map函数的并行版本由两个库提供：multiprocessing，以及它鲜为人知但同样神奇的stepchild：multiprocessing.dummy。

multiprocessing.dummy与多处理模块完全相同，但使用线程（一个重要的区别-对CPU密集型任务使用多个进程；对I/O（和在I/O期间）使用线程）：

multiprocessing.dummy复制了多处理的API，但它不过是线程模块的包装器。

import urllib2
from multiprocessing.dummy import Pool as ThreadPool

urls = [
  'http://www.python.org',
  'http://www.python.org/about/',
  'http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/python/2003/04/17/metaclasses.html',
  'http://www.python.org/doc/',
  'http://www.python.org/download/',
  'http://www.python.org/getit/',
  'http://www.python.org/community/',
  'https://wiki.python.org/moin/',
]

# Make the Pool of workers
pool = ThreadPool(4)

# Open the URLs in their own threads
# and return the results
results = pool.map(urllib2.urlopen, urls)

# Close the pool and wait for the work to finish
pool.close()
pool.join()

计时结果：

Single thread:   14.4 seconds
       4 Pool:   3.1 seconds
       8 Pool:   1.4 seconds
      13 Pool:   1.3 seconds

传递多个参数（仅在Python 3.3及更高版本中如此）：

要传递多个数组，请执行以下操作：

results = pool.starmap(function, zip(list_a, list_b))

或者传递常量和数组：

results = pool.starmap(function, zip(itertools.repeat(constant), list_a))

如果您使用的是早期版本的Python，可以通过此解决方法传递多个参数）。

（感谢user136036提供的有用评论。）

我发现这非常有用：创建与内核一样多的线程，并让它们执行（大量）任务（在本例中，调用shell程序）：

import Queue
import threading
import multiprocessing
import subprocess

q = Queue.Queue()
for i in range(30): # Put 30 tasks in the queue
    q.put(i)

def worker():
    while True:
        item = q.get()
        # Execute a task: call a shell program and wait until it completes
        subprocess.call("echo " + str(item), shell=True)
        q.task_done()

cpus = multiprocessing.cpu_count() # Detect number of cores
print("Creating %d threads" % cpus)
for i in range(cpus):
     t = threading.Thread(target=worker)
     t.daemon = True
     t.start()

q.join() # Block until all tasks are done