在Bash脚本中，我希望将一行分割成多个片段，并将它们存储在一个数组中。
例如，给定一行:
Paris, France, Europe
我想让结果数组看起来像这样:
array[0] = Paris
array[1] = France
array[2] = Europe
最好是一个简单的实现;速度并不重要。我该怎么做呢?
当前回答
输入代码here多字符分隔符解决方案。
正如其他人在这篇文章中指出的，OP的问题给出了一个用逗号分隔的字符串被解析成数组的例子，但没有指出他/她是否只对逗号分隔符、单字符分隔符或多字符分隔符感兴趣。
由于谷歌倾向于将这个答案排在搜索结果的顶部或附近，所以我想为读者提供一个关于多个字符分隔符问题的有力答案，因为至少有一个回答也提到了这个问题。
如果您正在寻找多字符分隔符问题的解决方案，我建议您查看Mallikarjun M的帖子，特别是来自gniourf_gniourf的回复 谁提供了这个优雅的纯BASH解决方案使用参数展开:
#!/bin/bash
str="LearnABCtoABCSplitABCaABCString"
delimiter=ABC
s=$str$delimiter
array=();
while [[ $s ]]; do
array+=( "${s%%"$delimiter"*}" );
s=${s#*"$delimiter"};
done;
declare -p array
链接到引用的评论/引用的帖子
链接到引用的问题:如何在bash中拆分多字符分隔符上的字符串?
2022年8月3日
Xebeche在下面的评论中提出了一个很好的观点。在审查了他们建议的编辑之后，我修改了gniourf_gniourf提供的脚本，并添加了注释，以便于理解脚本正在做什么。我还将双括号[[]]改为单括号，以提高兼容性，因为许多SHell变体不支持双括号表法。在本例中，对于BaSH，逻辑在单括号或双括号内工作。
#!/bin/bash
str="LearnABCtoABCSplitABCABCaABCStringABC"
delimiter="ABC"
array=()
while [ "$str" ]; do
# parse next sub-string, left of next delimiter
substring="${str%%"$delimiter"*}"
# when substring = delimiter, truncate leading delimiter
# (i.e. pattern is "$delimiter$delimiter")
[ -z "$substring" ] && str="${str#"$delimiter"}" && continue
# create next array element with parsed substring
array+=( "$substring" )
# remaining string to the right of delimiter becomes next string to be evaluated
str="${str:${#substring}}"
# prevent infinite loop when last substring = delimiter
[ "$str" == "$delimiter" ] && break
done
declare -p array
不加评论:
#!/bin/bash
str="LearnABCtoABCSplitABCABCaABCStringABC"
delimiter="ABC"
array=()
while [ "$str" ]; do
substring="${str%%"$delimiter"*}"
[ -z "$substring" ] && str="${str#"$delimiter"}" && continue
array+=( "$substring" )
str="${str:${#substring}}"
[ "$str" == "$delimiter" ] && break
done
declare -p array
其他回答
接受的答案适用于一行中的值。如果变量有几行:
string='first line
second line
third line'
我们需要一个非常不同的命令来获取所有的行:
While read -r line;做线+ =(“美元线”);完成了< < <字符串" $ "
或者更简单的bash readarray:
readarray -t lines <<<"$string"
利用printf特性很容易打印所有行:
printf ">[%s]\n" "${lines[@]}"
>[first line]
>[ second line]
>[ third line]
这是我的破解方法!
使用bash拆分字符串是一件非常无聊的事情。实际情况是，我们有有限的方法，只能在少数情况下工作(被“;”，“/”，“.”等等分开)，或者我们在输出中有各种副作用。
下面的方法需要一些操作，但我相信它可以满足我们的大部分需求!
#!/bin/bash
# --------------------------------------
# SPLIT FUNCTION
# ----------------
F_SPLIT_R=()
f_split() {
: 'It does a "split" into a given string and returns an array.
Args:
TARGET_P (str): Target string to "split".
DELIMITER_P (Optional[str]): Delimiter used to "split". If not
informed the split will be done by spaces.
Returns:
F_SPLIT_R (array): Array with the provided string separated by the
informed delimiter.
'
F_SPLIT_R=()
TARGET_P=$1
DELIMITER_P=$2
if [ -z "$DELIMITER_P" ] ; then
DELIMITER_P=" "
fi
REMOVE_N=1
if [ "$DELIMITER_P" == "\n" ] ; then
REMOVE_N=0
fi
# NOTE: This was the only parameter that has been a problem so far!
# By Questor
# [Ref.: https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/390732/61742]
if [ "$DELIMITER_P" == "./" ] ; then
DELIMITER_P="[.]/"
fi
if [ ${REMOVE_N} -eq 1 ] ; then
# NOTE: Due to bash limitations we have some problems getting the
# output of a split by awk inside an array and so we need to use
# "line break" (\n) to succeed. Seen this, we remove the line breaks
# momentarily afterwards we reintegrate them. The problem is that if
# there is a line break in the "string" informed, this line break will
# be lost, that is, it is erroneously removed in the output!
# By Questor
TARGET_P=$(awk 'BEGIN {RS="dn"} {gsub("\n", "3F2C417D448C46918289218B7337FCAF"); printf $0}' <<< "${TARGET_P}")
fi
# NOTE: The replace of "\n" by "3F2C417D448C46918289218B7337FCAF" results
# in more occurrences of "3F2C417D448C46918289218B7337FCAF" than the
# amount of "\n" that there was originally in the string (one more
# occurrence at the end of the string)! We can not explain the reason for
# this side effect. The line below corrects this problem! By Questor
TARGET_P=${TARGET_P%????????????????????????????????}
SPLIT_NOW=$(awk -F"$DELIMITER_P" '{for(i=1; i<=NF; i++){printf "%s\n", $i}}' <<< "${TARGET_P}")
while IFS= read -r LINE_NOW ; do
if [ ${REMOVE_N} -eq 1 ] ; then
# NOTE: We use "'" to prevent blank lines with no other characters
# in the sequence being erroneously removed! We do not know the
# reason for this side effect! By Questor
LN_NOW_WITH_N=$(awk 'BEGIN {RS="dn"} {gsub("3F2C417D448C46918289218B7337FCAF", "\n"); printf $0}' <<< "'${LINE_NOW}'")
# NOTE: We use the commands below to revert the intervention made
# immediately above! By Questor
LN_NOW_WITH_N=${LN_NOW_WITH_N%?}
LN_NOW_WITH_N=${LN_NOW_WITH_N#?}
F_SPLIT_R+=("$LN_NOW_WITH_N")
else
F_SPLIT_R+=("$LINE_NOW")
fi
done <<< "$SPLIT_NOW"
}
# --------------------------------------
# HOW TO USE
# ----------------
STRING_TO_SPLIT="
* How do I list all databases and tables using psql?
\"
sudo -u postgres /usr/pgsql-9.4/bin/psql -c \"\l\"
sudo -u postgres /usr/pgsql-9.4/bin/psql <DB_NAME> -c \"\dt\"
\"
\"
\list or \l: list all databases
\dt: list all tables in the current database
\"
[Ref.: https://dba.stackexchange.com/questions/1285/how-do-i-list-all-databases-and-tables-using-psql]
"
f_split "$STRING_TO_SPLIT" "bin/psql -c"
# --------------------------------------
# OUTPUT AND TEST
# ----------------
ARR_LENGTH=${#F_SPLIT_R[*]}
for (( i=0; i<=$(( $ARR_LENGTH -1 )); i++ )) ; do
echo " > -----------------------------------------"
echo "${F_SPLIT_R[$i]}"
echo " < -----------------------------------------"
done
if [ "$STRING_TO_SPLIT" == "${F_SPLIT_R[0]}bin/psql -c${F_SPLIT_R[1]}" ] ; then
echo " > -----------------------------------------"
echo "The strings are the same!"
echo " < -----------------------------------------"
fi
当我想解析一个输入时，我看到了这篇文章: word1 word2,…
以上这些对我都没有帮助。使用awk解决了这个问题。如果它能帮助某人:
STRING="value1,value2,value3"
array=`echo $STRING | awk -F ',' '{ s = $1; for (i = 2; i <= NF; i++) s = s "\n"$i; print s; }'`
for word in ${array}
do
echo "This is the word $word"
done
另一种方法是:
str="a, b, c, d" # assuming there is a space after ',' as in Q
arr=(${str//,/}) # delete all occurrences of ','
在这个'arr'后面是一个包含四个字符串的数组。 这不需要处理IFS或读取或任何其他特殊的东西，因此更简单和直接。
将字符串分割为数组的关键是多字符分隔符“，”。任何使用IFS进行多字符分隔符的解决方案本质上都是错误的，因为IFS是这些字符的集合，而不是字符串。
如果指定IFS="， "，"则字符串将在"，" OR " "或它们的任何组合上中断，这不是"，"这两个字符分隔符的准确表示。
你可以使用awk或sed来拆分字符串，使用进程替换:
#!/bin/bash
str="Paris, France, Europe"
array=()
while read -r -d $'\0' each; do # use a NUL terminated field separator
array+=("$each")
done < <(printf "%s" "$str" | awk '{ gsub(/,[ ]+|$/,"\0"); print }')
declare -p array
# declare -a array=([0]="Paris" [1]="France" [2]="Europe") output
在Bash中直接使用正则表达式更有效:
#!/bin/bash
str="Paris, France, Europe"
array=()
while [[ $str =~ ([^,]+)(,[ ]+|$) ]]; do
array+=("${BASH_REMATCH[1]}") # capture the field
i=${#BASH_REMATCH} # length of field + delimiter
str=${str:i} # advance the string by that length
done # the loop deletes $str, so make a copy if needed
declare -p array
# declare -a array=([0]="Paris" [1]="France" [2]="Europe") output...
使用第二种形式，没有子外壳，它将固有地更快。
编辑by bgoldst:下面是一些比较我的readarray解决方案和dawg的regex解决方案的基准测试，我还包括了read解决方案(注:我稍微修改了regex解决方案，以使其与我的解决方案更加和谐)(也可以参阅我的帖子下面的评论):
## competitors
function c_readarray { readarray -td '' a < <(awk '{ gsub(/, /,"\0"); print; };' <<<"$1, "); unset 'a[-1]'; };
function c_read { a=(); local REPLY=''; while read -r -d ''; do a+=("$REPLY"); done < <(awk '{ gsub(/, /,"\0"); print; };' <<<"$1, "); };
function c_regex { a=(); local s="$1, "; while [[ $s =~ ([^,]+),\ ]]; do a+=("${BASH_REMATCH[1]}"); s=${s:${#BASH_REMATCH}}; done; };
## helper functions
function rep {
local -i i=-1;
for ((i = 0; i<$1; ++i)); do
printf %s "$2";
done;
}; ## end rep()
function testAll {
local funcs=();
local args=();
local func='';
local -i rc=-1;
while [[ "$1" != ':' ]]; do
func="$1";
if [[ ! "$func" =~ ^[_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*$ ]]; then
echo "bad function name: $func" >&2;
return 2;
fi;
funcs+=("$func");
shift;
done;
shift;
args=("$@");
for func in "${funcs[@]}"; do
echo -n "$func ";
{ time $func "${args[@]}" >/dev/null 2>&1; } 2>&1| tr '\n' '/';
rc=${PIPESTATUS[0]}; if [[ $rc -ne 0 ]]; then echo "[$rc]"; else echo; fi;
done| column -ts/;
}; ## end testAll()
function makeStringToSplit {
local -i n=$1; ## number of fields
if [[ $n -lt 0 ]]; then echo "bad field count: $n" >&2; return 2; fi;
if [[ $n -eq 0 ]]; then
echo;
elif [[ $n -eq 1 ]]; then
echo 'first field';
elif [[ "$n" -eq 2 ]]; then
echo 'first field, last field';
else
echo "first field, $(rep $[$1-2] 'mid field, ')last field";
fi;
}; ## end makeStringToSplit()
function testAll_splitIntoArray {
local -i n=$1; ## number of fields in input string
local s='';
echo "===== $n field$(if [[ $n -ne 1 ]]; then echo 's'; fi;) =====";
s="$(makeStringToSplit "$n")";
testAll c_readarray c_read c_regex : "$s";
}; ## end testAll_splitIntoArray()
## results
testAll_splitIntoArray 1;
## ===== 1 field =====
## c_readarray real 0m0.067s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.000s
## c_read real 0m0.064s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.000s
## c_regex real 0m0.000s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.000s
##
testAll_splitIntoArray 10;
## ===== 10 fields =====
## c_readarray real 0m0.067s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.000s
## c_read real 0m0.064s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.000s
## c_regex real 0m0.001s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.000s
##
testAll_splitIntoArray 100;
## ===== 100 fields =====
## c_readarray real 0m0.069s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.062s
## c_read real 0m0.065s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.046s
## c_regex real 0m0.005s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.000s
##
testAll_splitIntoArray 1000;
## ===== 1000 fields =====
## c_readarray real 0m0.084s user 0m0.031s sys 0m0.077s
## c_read real 0m0.092s user 0m0.031s sys 0m0.046s
## c_regex real 0m0.125s user 0m0.125s sys 0m0.000s
##
testAll_splitIntoArray 10000;
## ===== 10000 fields =====
## c_readarray real 0m0.209s user 0m0.093s sys 0m0.108s
## c_read real 0m0.333s user 0m0.234s sys 0m0.109s
## c_regex real 0m9.095s user 0m9.078s sys 0m0.000s
##
testAll_splitIntoArray 100000;
## ===== 100000 fields =====
## c_readarray real 0m1.460s user 0m0.326s sys 0m1.124s
## c_read real 0m2.780s user 0m1.686s sys 0m1.092s
## c_regex real 17m38.208s user 15m16.359s sys 2m19.375s
##
