类:

scala> class Animal(name:String)
defined class Animal

scala> val an1 = new Animal("Padddington")
an1: Animal = Animal@748860cc

scala> an1.name
<console>:14: error: value name is not a member of Animal
       an1.name
           ^

但是如果我们使用相同的代码，但是用例类:

scala> case class Animal(name:String)
defined class Animal

scala> val an2 = new Animal("Paddington")
an2: Animal = Animal(Paddington)

scala> an2.name
res12: String = Paddington


scala> an2 == Animal("fred")
res14: Boolean = false

scala> an2 == Animal("Paddington")
res15: Boolean = true

Person类:

scala> case class Person(first:String,last:String,age:Int)
defined class Person

scala> val harry = new Person("Harry","Potter",30)
harry: Person = Person(Harry,Potter,30)

scala> harry
res16: Person = Person(Harry,Potter,30)
scala> harry.first = "Saily"
<console>:14: error: reassignment to val
       harry.first = "Saily"
                   ^
scala>val saily =  harry.copy(first="Saily")
res17: Person = Person(Saily,Potter,30)

scala> harry.copy(age = harry.age+1)
res18: Person = Person(Harry,Potter,31)

模式匹配:

scala> harry match {
     | case Person("Harry",_,age) => println(age)
     | case _ => println("no match")
     | }
30

scala> res17 match {
     | case Person("Harry",_,age) => println(age)
     | case _ => println("no match")
     | }
no match

对象:单例模式:

scala> case class Person(first :String,last:String,age:Int)
defined class Person

scala> object Fred extends Person("Fred","Jones",22)
defined object Fred

没有人提到case类的同伴对象有tupled deftion，它有一个类型:

case class Person(name: String, age: Int)
//Person.tupled is def tupled: ((String, Int)) => Person

我能找到的唯一用例是当你需要从tuple构造case类时，例如:

val bobAsTuple = ("bob", 14)
val bob = (Person.apply _).tupled(bobAsTuple) //bob: Person = Person(bob,14)

你可以不使用tuple直接创建object来实现同样的功能，但是如果你的数据集表示为包含20个元素的tuple列表(tuple有20个元素)，则可能使用tuple是你的选择。

下面列出了case类的一些关键特性

Case类是不可变的。 可以实例化case类而不需要new关键字。 案例类可以根据值进行比较

scala fiddle的示例代码，摘自scala文档。

https://scalafiddle.io/sf/34XEQyE/0

没有人提到case类也是Product的实例，因此继承了这些方法:

def productElement(n: Int): Any
def productArity: Int
def productIterator: Iterator[Any]

其中productArity返回类参数的个数，productElement(i)返回第i个参数，productIterator允许遍历它们。

要最终理解什么是case类:

让我们假设下面的case类定义:

case class Foo(foo:String, bar: Int)

然后在终端中执行以下操作:

$ scalac -print src/main/scala/Foo.scala

Scala 2.12.8将输出:

...
case class Foo extends Object with Product with Serializable {

  <caseaccessor> <paramaccessor> private[this] val foo: String = _;

  <stable> <caseaccessor> <accessor> <paramaccessor> def foo(): String = Foo.this.foo;

  <caseaccessor> <paramaccessor> private[this] val bar: Int = _;

  <stable> <caseaccessor> <accessor> <paramaccessor> def bar(): Int = Foo.this.bar;

  <synthetic> def copy(foo: String, bar: Int): Foo = new Foo(foo, bar);

  <synthetic> def copy$default$1(): String = Foo.this.foo();

  <synthetic> def copy$default$2(): Int = Foo.this.bar();

  override <synthetic> def productPrefix(): String = "Foo";

  <synthetic> def productArity(): Int = 2;

  <synthetic> def productElement(x$1: Int): Object = {
    case <synthetic> val x1: Int = x$1;
        (x1: Int) match {
            case 0 => Foo.this.foo()
            case 1 => scala.Int.box(Foo.this.bar())
            case _ => throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(scala.Int.box(x$1).toString())
        }
  };

  override <synthetic> def productIterator(): Iterator = scala.runtime.ScalaRunTime.typedProductIterator(Foo.this);

  <synthetic> def canEqual(x$1: Object): Boolean = x$1.$isInstanceOf[Foo]();

  override <synthetic> def hashCode(): Int = {
     <synthetic> var acc: Int = -889275714;
     acc = scala.runtime.Statics.mix(acc, scala.runtime.Statics.anyHash(Foo.this.foo()));
     acc = scala.runtime.Statics.mix(acc, Foo.this.bar());
     scala.runtime.Statics.finalizeHash(acc, 2)
  };

  override <synthetic> def toString(): String = scala.runtime.ScalaRunTime._toString(Foo.this);

  override <synthetic> def equals(x$1: Object): Boolean = Foo.this.eq(x$1).||({
      case <synthetic> val x1: Object = x$1;
        case5(){
          if (x1.$isInstanceOf[Foo]())
            matchEnd4(true)
          else
            case6()
        };
        case6(){
          matchEnd4(false)
        };
        matchEnd4(x: Boolean){
          x
        }
    }.&&({
      <synthetic> val Foo$1: Foo = x$1.$asInstanceOf[Foo]();
      Foo.this.foo().==(Foo$1.foo()).&&(Foo.this.bar().==(Foo$1.bar())).&&(Foo$1.canEqual(Foo.this))
  }));

  def <init>(foo: String, bar: Int): Foo = {
    Foo.this.foo = foo;
    Foo.this.bar = bar;
    Foo.super.<init>();
    Foo.super./*Product*/$init$();
    ()
  }
};

<synthetic> object Foo extends scala.runtime.AbstractFunction2 with Serializable {

  final override <synthetic> def toString(): String = "Foo";

  case <synthetic> def apply(foo: String, bar: Int): Foo = new Foo(foo, bar);

  case <synthetic> def unapply(x$0: Foo): Option =
     if (x$0.==(null))
        scala.None
     else
        new Some(new Tuple2(x$0.foo(), scala.Int.box(x$0.bar())));

  <synthetic> private def readResolve(): Object = Foo;

  case <synthetic> <bridge> <artifact> def apply(v1: Object, v2: Object): Object = Foo.this.apply(v1.$asInstanceOf[String](), scala.Int.unbox(v2));

  def <init>(): Foo.type = {
    Foo.super.<init>();
    ()
  }
}
...

正如我们所看到的，Scala编译器生成了一个常规类Foo和伴生对象Foo。

让我们浏览编译后的类，并对我们得到的内容进行注释:

Foo类的内部状态，不可变:

val foo: String
val bar: Int

getter方法:

def foo(): String
def bar(): Int

方法:复制

def copy(foo: String, bar: Int): Foo
def copy$default$1(): String
def copy$default$2(): Int

scala实现。产品特点:

override def productPrefix(): String
def productArity(): Int
def productElement(x$1: Int): Object
override def productIterator(): Iterator

scala实现。通过==使case类实例具有相等可比性的Equals trait:

def canEqual(x$1: Object): Boolean
override def equals(x$1: Object): Boolean

重写java.lang.Object.hashCode以遵守equals-hashcode契约:

override <synthetic> def hashCode(): Int

重写java.lang.Object.toString:

override def toString(): String

使用new关键字实例化的构造函数:

def <init>(foo: String, bar: Int): Foo 

对象Foo: 不带new关键字的实例化方法:

case <synthetic> def apply(foo: String, bar: Int): Foo = new Foo(foo, bar);

在模式匹配中使用case类Foo的提取器方法unsupply:

case <synthetic> def unapply(x$0: Foo): Option

方法来保护对象作为单例对象不被反序列化，以免产生更多实例:

<synthetic> private def readResolve(): Object = Foo;

object Foo扩展了scala.runtime.AbstractFunction2来做这样的事情:

scala> case class Foo(foo:String, bar: Int)
defined class Foo

scala> Foo.tupled
res1: ((String, Int)) => Foo = scala.Function2$$Lambda$224/1935637221@9ab310b

tupled from object返回一个函数，通过应用2个元素的元组来创建一个新的Foo。

所以case类只是语法糖。

在之前的回答中没有提到的一个重要问题是身份。常规类的对象具有同一性，因此即使两个对象的所有字段值相同，它们仍然是不同的对象。然而，对于case类实例，相等性纯粹是根据对象字段的值定义的。