当我遇到这个错误时，这是由于我的ulimit打开文件(ulimit -n)太低。它(不知何故)被设置为仅256:

% ulimit -n
256

在我增加限制后，错误消失了:

% ulimit -n 3072
% ulimit -n     
3072

您的系统可能不允许将限制设置得这么高。例如，当我试图使用更大的数字时，就会发生这种情况:

% ulimit -n 3073
ulimit: setrlimit failed: invalid argument

或者这可能低于您现有的限制，您可能面临不同的根本原因。

Surefire FAQ的这一部分可以帮助你:

Surefire fails with the message "The forked VM terminated without properly saying goodbye" Surefire does not support tests or any referenced libraries calling System.exit() at any time. If they do so, they are incompatible with surefire and you should probably file an issue with the library/vendor. Alternatively the forked VM could also crash for a number of reasons, which can also make this issue happen. Look for the classical "hs_err*" files indicating VM crashes or examine the log output from running maven when the tests execute. Some "extraordinary" output from crashing processes may be dumped to the console/log. If this happens on a CI environment and only after some time runs there is a fair chance your test suite is leaking some kind of OS-level resource that makes things worse for every run. Regular os-level monitoring tools may give you some indication.

我也遇到了同样的问题，并添加了如下内容:

<argLine>-Xmx1024m -XX:MaxPermSize=256m</argLine>

整个plugin元素是:

<plugin>
  <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
  <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
  <configuration>
    <forkCount>3</forkCount>
    <reuseForks>true</reuseForks>
    <argLine>-Xmx1024m -XX:MaxPermSize=256m</argLine>
  </configuration>
</plugin>

如果有人包含自定义argLine参数，则必须重新考虑，因为它很可能是内存分配问题的根源。

例如(我曾经有过):

<argLine>XX:MaxPermSize=4096m ${argLine}</argLine>

现在我使用硬指定值:

<argLine>-Xmx1024m -XX:MaxPermSize=256m</argLine>

无论出于何种原因，与Surefire集成的应用程序(如Jacoco)不会请求足够的内存来与构建时发生的测试共存。

在我的案例中，这个问题与工作区路径太长有关。所以我做了一个路径重构，这解决了我的问题。

我更新了surefire插件如下，这解决了我的问题:

           <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>2.22.2</version>
                <configuration>
                    <argLine>-Xmx1024m -XX:MaxPermSize=256m</argLine>
                    <forkCount>1</forkCount>
                    <reuseForks>true</reuseForks>
                    <runOrder>alphabetical</runOrder>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>