# getattr

class hithere():

    def french(self):
        print 'bonjour'

    def english(self):
        print 'hello'

    def german(self):
        print 'hallo'

    def czech(self):
        print 'ahoj'

    def noidea(self):
        print 'unknown language'


def dispatch(language):
    try:
        getattr(hithere(),language)()
    except:
        getattr(hithere(),'noidea')()
        # note, do better error handling than this

dispatch('french')
dispatch('english')
dispatch('german')
dispatch('czech')
dispatch('spanish')

下面是一个快速而简单的示例，演示了一个类如何根据使用getattr()执行的操作系统来触发save方法的不同版本。

import os

class Log(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.os = os.name
    def __getattr__(self, name):
        """ look for a 'save' attribute, or just 
          return whatever attribute was specified """
        if name == 'save':
            try:
                # try to dynamically return a save 
                # method appropriate for the user's system
                return getattr(self, self.os)
            except:
                # bail and try to return 
                # a default save method
                return getattr(self, '_save')
        else:
            return getattr(self, name)

    # each of these methods could have save logic specific to 
    # the system on which the script is executed
    def posix(self): print 'saving on a posix machine'
    def nt(self): print 'saving on an nt machine'
    def os2(self): print 'saving on an os2 machine'
    def ce(self): print 'saving on a ce machine'
    def java(self): print 'saving on a java machine'
    def riscos(self): print 'saving on a riscos machine'
    def _save(self): print 'saving on an unknown operating system'

    def which_os(self): print os.name

现在让我们在一个例子中使用这个类:

logger = Log()

# Now you can do one of two things:
save_func = logger.save
# and execute it, or pass it along 
# somewhere else as 1st class:
save_func()

# or you can just call it directly:
logger.save()

# other attributes will hit the else 
# statement and still work as expected
logger.which_os()

对我来说，getattr是最简单的解释方式:

它允许您根据字符串的内容调用方法，而不是键入方法名称。

例如，你不能这样做:

obj = MyObject()
for x in ['foo', 'bar']:
    obj.x()

因为x不是内置类型，而是str。然而，你可以这样做:

obj = MyObject()
for x in ['foo', 'bar']:
    getattr(obj, x)()

它允许您根据输入动态地连接对象。我发现它在处理自定义对象和模块时很有用。

我认为这个例子是不言自明的。它运行第一个参数的方法，其名称在第二个参数中给出。

class MyClass:
   def __init__(self):
      pass
   def MyMethod(self):
      print("Method ran")

# Create an object
object = MyClass()
# Get all the methods of a class
method_list = [func for func in dir(MyClass) if callable(getattr(MyClass, func))]
# You can use any of the methods in method_list
# "MyMethod" is the one we want to use right now

# This is the same as running "object.MyMethod()"
getattr(object,'MyMethod')()

# getattr

class hithere():

    def french(self):
        print 'bonjour'

    def english(self):
        print 'hello'

    def german(self):
        print 'hallo'

    def czech(self):
        print 'ahoj'

    def noidea(self):
        print 'unknown language'


def dispatch(language):
    try:
        getattr(hithere(),language)()
    except:
        getattr(hithere(),'noidea')()
        # note, do better error handling than this

dispatch('french')
dispatch('english')
dispatch('german')
dispatch('czech')
dispatch('spanish')

getattr的一个非常常见的用例是将数据映射到函数。

例如，在Django或Pylons这样的web框架中，getattr可以直接将web请求的URL映射到将要处理它的函数。例如，如果你看一下Pylons的路由，你会发现(至少在默认情况下)它分割了一个请求的URL，比如:

http://www.example.com/customers/list

分为“客户”和“列表”。然后它搜索名为CustomerController的控制器类。假设它找到该类，它创建该类的实例，然后使用getattr获取其list方法。然后调用该方法，将请求作为参数传递给它。

一旦你掌握了这个思想，扩展web应用程序的功能就变得非常容易:只需向控制器类添加新的方法，然后在页面中创建链接，为这些方法使用适当的url。所有这些都是由getattr实现的。