当我从存储在类中的数据创建XML文件时，如果属性不存在或类型为None，我经常会收到错误。在本例中，我的问题不是不知道属性名是什么，而是存储在该属性中的数据。

class Pet:
    def __init__(self):
        self.hair = None
        self.color = None

如果我使用hasattr来执行此操作，即使属性值为None类型，它也会返回True，这将导致我的ElementTree set命令失败。

hasattr(temp, 'hair')
>>True

如果属性值的类型为None, getattr也会返回它，这将导致我的ElementTree set命令失败。

c = getattr(temp, 'hair')
type(c)
>> NoneType

我现在使用以下方法来处理这些情况:

def getRealAttr(class_obj, class_attr, default = ''):
    temp = getattr(class_obj, class_attr, default)
    if temp is None:
        temp = default
    elif type(temp) != str:
        temp = str(temp)
    return temp

这是我使用getattr的时间和方式。

对我来说，getattr是最简单的解释方式:

它允许您根据字符串的内容调用方法，而不是键入方法名称。

例如，你不能这样做:

obj = MyObject()
for x in ['foo', 'bar']:
    obj.x()

因为x不是内置类型，而是str。然而，你可以这样做:

obj = MyObject()
for x in ['foo', 'bar']:
    getattr(obj, x)()

它允许您根据输入动态地连接对象。我发现它在处理自定义对象和模块时很有用。

我认为这个例子是不言自明的。它运行第一个参数的方法，其名称在第二个参数中给出。

class MyClass:
   def __init__(self):
      pass
   def MyMethod(self):
      print("Method ran")

# Create an object
object = MyClass()
# Get all the methods of a class
method_list = [func for func in dir(MyClass) if callable(getattr(MyClass, func))]
# You can use any of the methods in method_list
# "MyMethod" is the one we want to use right now

# This is the same as running "object.MyMethod()"
getattr(object,'MyMethod')()

下面是一个快速而简单的示例，演示了一个类如何根据使用getattr()执行的操作系统来触发save方法的不同版本。

import os

class Log(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.os = os.name
    def __getattr__(self, name):
        """ look for a 'save' attribute, or just 
          return whatever attribute was specified """
        if name == 'save':
            try:
                # try to dynamically return a save 
                # method appropriate for the user's system
                return getattr(self, self.os)
            except:
                # bail and try to return 
                # a default save method
                return getattr(self, '_save')
        else:
            return getattr(self, name)

    # each of these methods could have save logic specific to 
    # the system on which the script is executed
    def posix(self): print 'saving on a posix machine'
    def nt(self): print 'saving on an nt machine'
    def os2(self): print 'saving on an os2 machine'
    def ce(self): print 'saving on a ce machine'
    def java(self): print 'saving on a java machine'
    def riscos(self): print 'saving on a riscos machine'
    def _save(self): print 'saving on an unknown operating system'

    def which_os(self): print os.name

现在让我们在一个例子中使用这个类:

logger = Log()

# Now you can do one of two things:
save_func = logger.save
# and execute it, or pass it along 
# somewhere else as 1st class:
save_func()

# or you can just call it directly:
logger.save()

# other attributes will hit the else 
# statement and still work as expected
logger.which_os()

我有时使用getattr(..)在代码中使用属性之前惰性地初始化次要属性。

比较以下内容:

class Graph(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.n_calls_to_plot = 0

    #...
    #A lot of code here
    #...

    def plot(self):
        self.n_calls_to_plot += 1

:

class Graph(object):
    def plot(self):
        self.n_calls_to_plot = 1 + getattr(self, "n_calls_to_plot", 0)

The advantage of the second way is that n_calls_to_plot only appears around the place in the code where it is used. This is good for readability, because (1) you can immediately see what value it starts with when reading how it's used, (2) it doesn't introduce a distraction into the __init__(..) method, which ideally should be about the conceptual state of the class, rather than some utility counter that is only used by one of the function's methods for technical reasons, such as optimisation, and has nothing to do with the meaning of the object.

getattr()在Python中实现switch语句的另一种用法。它使用两个反射来获取大小写类型。

import sys

class SwitchStatement(object):
    """ a class to implement switch statement and a way to show how to use gettattr in Pythion"""

    def case_1(self):
        return "value for case_1"

    def case_2(self):
        return "value for case_2"

    def case_3(self):
        return "value for case_3"

    def case_4(self):
        return "value for case_4"

    def case_value(self, case_type=1):
        """This is the main dispatchmethod, that uses gettattr"""
        case_method = 'case_' + str(case_type)
        # fetch the relevant method name
        # Get the method from 'self'. Default to a lambda.
        method = getattr(self, case_method, lambda: "Invalid case type")
        # Call the method as we return it
        return method()

def main(_):
    switch = SwitchStatement()
    print swtich.case_value(_)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main(int(sys.argv[1]))