Java中有一些树数据结构，比如JDK Swing中的DefaultMutableTreeNode, Stanford解析器包中的tree，以及其他一些玩具代码。但这些都不够，也不够小，不能用于一般用途。

Java tree项目试图在Java中提供另一种通用的树数据结构。这个和其他的区别是

Totally free. You can use it anywhere (except in your homework :P) Small but general enough. I put everything of the data structure in one class file, so it would be easy to copy/paste. Not just a toys. I am aware of dozens of Java tree codes that can only handle binary trees or limited operations. This TreeNode is much more than that. It provides different ways of visiting nodes, such as preorder, postorder, breadthfirst, leaves, path to root, etc. Moreover, iterators are provided too for the sufficiency. More utils will be added. I am willing to add more operations to make this project comprehensive, especially if you send a request through github.

public class Tree {
    private List<Tree> leaves = new LinkedList<Tree>();
    private Tree parent = null;
    private String data;

    public Tree(String data, Tree parent) {
        this.data = data;
        this.parent = parent;
    }
}

显然，您可以添加实用工具方法来添加/删除子元素。

没有回答提到过度简化但有效的代码，所以下面是:

public class TreeNodeArray<T> {
    public T value;
    public final  java.util.List<TreeNodeArray<T>> kids =  new java.util.ArrayList<TreeNodeArray<T>>();
}

JDK中实际上实现了一个非常好的树结构。

看看javax.swing。tree、TreeModel和TreeNode。它们被设计为与JTreePanel一起使用，但实际上，它们是一个非常好的树实现，没有什么可以阻止你使用它与swing接口。

注意，从Java 9开始，你可能不希望使用这些类，因为它们不会出现在“压缩配置文件”中。

首先应该定义什么是树(对于域)，最好先定义接口。并不是所有的树结构都是可修改的，能够添加和删除节点应该是一个可选的功能，所以我们为此做了一个额外的接口。

没有必要创建保存值的节点对象，事实上，我认为这是大多数树实现中的主要设计缺陷和开销。如果查看Swing, TreeModel没有节点类(只有DefaultTreeModel使用TreeNode)，因为实际上并不需要它们。

public interface Tree <N extends Serializable> extends Serializable {
    List<N> getRoots ();
    N getParent (N node);
    List<N> getChildren (N node);
}

可变树结构(允许添加和删除节点):

public interface MutableTree <N extends Serializable> extends Tree<N> {
    boolean add (N parent, N node);
    boolean remove (N node, boolean cascade);
}

有了这些接口，使用树的代码就不必太关心树是如何实现的。这允许您使用通用实现和专用实现，在专用实现中，通过将函数委托给另一个API来实现树。

例如:文件树结构

public class FileTree implements Tree<File> {

    @Override
    public List<File> getRoots() {
        return Arrays.stream(File.listRoots()).collect(Collectors.toList());
    }

    @Override
    public File getParent(File node) {
        return node.getParentFile();
    }

    @Override
    public List<File> getChildren(File node) {
        if (node.isDirectory()) {
            File[] children = node.listFiles();
            if (children != null) {
                return Arrays.stream(children).collect(Collectors.toList());
            }
        }
        return Collections.emptyList();
    }
}

示例:通用树结构(基于父/子关系):

public class MappedTreeStructure<N extends Serializable> implements MutableTree<N> {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        MutableTree<String> tree = new MappedTreeStructure<>();
        tree.add("A", "B");
        tree.add("A", "C");
        tree.add("C", "D");
        tree.add("E", "A");
        System.out.println(tree);
    }

    private final Map<N, N> nodeParent = new HashMap<>();
    private final LinkedHashSet<N> nodeList = new LinkedHashSet<>();

    private void checkNotNull(N node, String parameterName) {
        if (node == null)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(parameterName + " must not be null");
    }

    @Override
    public boolean add(N parent, N node) {
        checkNotNull(parent, "parent");
        checkNotNull(node, "node");

        // check for cycles
        N current = parent;
        do {
            if (node.equals(current)) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(" node must not be the same or an ancestor of the parent");
            }
        } while ((current = getParent(current)) != null);

        boolean added = nodeList.add(node);
        nodeList.add(parent);
        nodeParent.put(node, parent);
        return added;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean remove(N node, boolean cascade) {
        checkNotNull(node, "node");

        if (!nodeList.contains(node)) {
            return false;
        }
        if (cascade) {
            for (N child : getChildren(node)) {
                remove(child, true);
            }
        } else {
            for (N child : getChildren(node)) {
                nodeParent.remove(child);
            }
        }
        nodeList.remove(node);
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public List<N> getRoots() {
        return getChildren(null);
    }

    @Override
    public N getParent(N node) {
        checkNotNull(node, "node");
        return nodeParent.get(node);
    }

    @Override
    public List<N> getChildren(N node) {
        List<N> children = new LinkedList<>();
        for (N n : nodeList) {
            N parent = nodeParent.get(n);
            if (node == null && parent == null) {
                children.add(n);
            } else if (node != null && parent != null && parent.equals(node)) {
                children.add(n);
            }
        }
        return children;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
        dumpNodeStructure(builder, null, "- ");
        return builder.toString();
    }

    private void dumpNodeStructure(StringBuilder builder, N node, String prefix) {
        if (node != null) {
            builder.append(prefix);
            builder.append(node.toString());
            builder.append('\n');
            prefix = "  " + prefix;
        }
        for (N child : getChildren(node)) {
            dumpNodeStructure(builder, child, prefix);
        }
    }
}

请检查下面的代码，其中我使用了Tree数据结构，没有使用Collection类。代码可能有bug /改进，但请使用这只是作为参考

package com.datastructure.tree;

public class BinaryTreeWithoutRecursion <T> {

    private TreeNode<T> root;


    public BinaryTreeWithoutRecursion (){
        root = null;
    }


    public void insert(T data){
        root =insert(root, data);

    }

    public TreeNode<T>  insert(TreeNode<T> node, T data ){

        TreeNode<T> newNode = new TreeNode<>();
        newNode.data = data;
        newNode.right = newNode.left = null;

        if(node==null){
            node = newNode;
            return node;
        }
        Queue<TreeNode<T>> queue = new Queue<TreeNode<T>>();
        queue.enque(node);
        while(!queue.isEmpty()){

            TreeNode<T> temp= queue.deque();
            if(temp.left!=null){
                queue.enque(temp.left);
            }else
            {
                temp.left = newNode;

                queue =null;
                return node;
            }
            if(temp.right!=null){
                queue.enque(temp.right);
            }else
            {
                temp.right = newNode;
                queue =null;
                return node;
            }
        }
        queue=null;
        return node; 


    }

    public void inOrderPrint(TreeNode<T> root){
        if(root!=null){

            inOrderPrint(root.left);
            System.out.println(root.data);
            inOrderPrint(root.right);
        }

    }

    public void postOrderPrint(TreeNode<T> root){
        if(root!=null){

            postOrderPrint(root.left);

            postOrderPrint(root.right);
            System.out.println(root.data);
        }

    }

    public void preOrderPrint(){
        preOrderPrint(root);
    }


    public void inOrderPrint(){
        inOrderPrint(root);
    }

    public void postOrderPrint(){
        inOrderPrint(root);
    }


    public void preOrderPrint(TreeNode<T> root){
        if(root!=null){
            System.out.println(root.data);
            preOrderPrint(root.left);
            preOrderPrint(root.right);
        }

    }

    /**
     * @param args
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
        BinaryTreeWithoutRecursion <Integer> ls=  new BinaryTreeWithoutRecursion <>();
        ls.insert(1);
        ls.insert(2);
        ls.insert(3);
        ls.insert(4);
        ls.insert(5);
        ls.insert(6);
        ls.insert(7);
        //ls.preOrderPrint();
        ls.inOrderPrint();
        //ls.postOrderPrint();

    }

}