A virtual machine is a virtual computing environment with a specific set of atomic well defined instructions that are supported independent of any specific language and it is generally thought of as a sandbox unto itself. The VM is analogous to an instruction set of a specific CPU and tends to work at a more fundamental level with very basic building blocks of such instructions (or byte codes) that are independent of the next. An instruction executes deterministically based only on the current state of the virtual machine and does not depend on information elsewhere in the instruction stream at that point in time.

另一方面，解释器更复杂，因为它是为解析特定语言和特定语法的某些语法流而定制的，这些语法必须在周围标记的上下文中进行解码。您不能单独地查看每个字节甚至每一行，然后确切地知道下一步该做什么。语言中的令牌不能像相对于VM的指令(字节码)那样孤立地获取。

Java编译器将Java语言转换为字节码流，与C编译器将C语言程序转换为汇编代码没有什么不同。另一方面，解释器并不真正将程序转换为任何定义良好的中间形式，它只是将程序操作作为解释源代码的过程。

VM和解释器区别的另一个测试是你是否认为它是独立于语言的。我们所知道的Java虚拟机并不是Java特有的。您可以使用其他语言制作编译器，生成可以在JVM上运行的字节代码。另一方面，我不认为我们真的会考虑将Python以外的其他语言“编译”为Python以供Python解释器解释。

Because of the sophistication of the interpretation process, this can be a relatively slow process....specifically parsing and identifying the language tokens, etc. and understanding the context of the source to be able to undertake the execution process within the interpreter. To help accelerate such interpreted languages, this is where we can define intermediate forms of pre-parsed, pre-tokenized source code that is more readily directly interpreted. This sort of binary form is still interpreted at execution time, it is just starting from a much less human readable form to improve performance. However, the logic executing that form is not a virtual machine, because those codes still can't be taken in isolation - the context of the surrounding tokens still matter, they are just now in a different more computer efficient form.

术语解释器是一个遗留术语，可以追溯到早期的shell脚本语言。由于“脚本语言”已经演变成功能齐全的语言，它们对应的平台也变得更加复杂和沙箱化，虚拟机和解释器(在Python意义上)之间的区别非常小，甚至不存在。

Python解释器仍然以与shell脚本相同的方式运行，从某种意义上说，它可以在不需要单独的编译步骤的情况下执行。除此之外，Python解释器(或Perl或Ruby的)和Java虚拟机之间的区别主要是实现细节。(有人可能会说Java比Python更加完全沙箱化，但两者最终都通过原生C接口提供对底层架构的访问。)

首先，你应该明白，编程或计算机科学一般不是数学，我们经常使用的大多数术语都没有严格的定义。

现在回答你的问题:

什么是解释器(计算机科学)

它按最小的可执行单元翻译源代码，然后执行该单元。

什么是虚拟机

对于JVM来说，虚拟机是一个包含解释器、类加载器、垃圾收集器、线程调度器、JIT编译器和许多其他东西的软件。

正如你所看到的，解释器是JVM的一部分，整个JVM不能被称为解释器，因为它包含许多其他组件。

为什么在谈论python时要用“解释器”这个词

在Java中，编译部分是显式的。 另一方面，Python的编译和解释过程不像Java那样明确，从最终用户的角度来看，解释是用于执行Python程序的唯一机制

A virtual machine is a virtual computing environment with a specific set of atomic well defined instructions that are supported independent of any specific language and it is generally thought of as a sandbox unto itself. The VM is analogous to an instruction set of a specific CPU and tends to work at a more fundamental level with very basic building blocks of such instructions (or byte codes) that are independent of the next. An instruction executes deterministically based only on the current state of the virtual machine and does not depend on information elsewhere in the instruction stream at that point in time.

另一方面，解释器更复杂，因为它是为解析特定语言和特定语法的某些语法流而定制的，这些语法必须在周围标记的上下文中进行解码。您不能单独地查看每个字节甚至每一行，然后确切地知道下一步该做什么。语言中的令牌不能像相对于VM的指令(字节码)那样孤立地获取。

Java编译器将Java语言转换为字节码流，与C编译器将C语言程序转换为汇编代码没有什么不同。另一方面，解释器并不真正将程序转换为任何定义良好的中间形式，它只是将程序操作作为解释源代码的过程。

VM和解释器区别的另一个测试是你是否认为它是独立于语言的。我们所知道的Java虚拟机并不是Java特有的。您可以使用其他语言制作编译器，生成可以在JVM上运行的字节代码。另一方面，我不认为我们真的会考虑将Python以外的其他语言“编译”为Python以供Python解释器解释。

Because of the sophistication of the interpretation process, this can be a relatively slow process....specifically parsing and identifying the language tokens, etc. and understanding the context of the source to be able to undertake the execution process within the interpreter. To help accelerate such interpreted languages, this is where we can define intermediate forms of pre-parsed, pre-tokenized source code that is more readily directly interpreted. This sort of binary form is still interpreted at execution time, it is just starting from a much less human readable form to improve performance. However, the logic executing that form is not a virtual machine, because those codes still can't be taken in isolation - the context of the surrounding tokens still matter, they are just now in a different more computer efficient form.

术语不同的一个原因可能是，人们通常认为向python解释器提供人类可读的原始源代码，而不用担心字节码之类的问题。

在Java中，必须显式地编译为字节码，然后在VM上只运行字节码，而不是源代码。

尽管Python在幕后使用虚拟机，但从用户的角度来看，大多数时候可以忽略这个细节。

不，它们并不都解释字节码。

Python只在运行pypy时解释字节码。否则，它将被编译成C并在该级别上进行解释。

Java编译为字节码。