有没有办法在Typescript中将字符串解析为JSON ? 示例:在JS中,我们可以使用JSON.parse()。Typescript中有类似的函数吗?

我有一个JSON对象字符串如下:

{"name": "Bob", "error": false}

当前回答

使用app.quicktype.io在TypeScript中安全地解析JSON。稍后将详细介绍。 JSON.parse()返回类型any,在“愉快的路径”中是足够的,但可能导致与类型安全相关的下游错误,这违背了TypeScript的目的。例如:

interface User {
  name: string,
  balance: number
}

const json = '{"name": "Bob", "balance": "100"}' //note the string "100"
const user:User = JSON.parse(json)

const newBalance = user.balance + user.balance * 0.05 //should be 105 after interest
console.log(newBalance ) //but it ends up as 1005 which is clearly wrong

所以让quicktype来做繁重的工作并生成代码。快速复制并粘贴下面的字符串。

{
  "name": "Bob",
  "balance": 100
}

确保选择TypeScript作为语言,并启用“验证JSON”。在运行时解析结果”

现在,我们可以在解析时防御性地处理异常(如果有),并防止下游发生错误。

import { Convert, User } from "./user";

const json =
  '{"firstName": "Kevin", "lastName": "Le", "accountBalance": "100"}';

try {
  const user = Convert.toUser(json);
  console.log(user);
} catch (e) {
  console.log("Handle error", e);
}

用户。Ts为quicktype生成的文件。

// To parse this data:
//
//   import { Convert, User } from "./file";
//
//   const user = Convert.toUser(json);
//
// These functions will throw an error if the JSON doesn't
// match the expected interface, even if the JSON is valid.

export interface User {
    name:    string;
    balance: number;
}

// Converts JSON strings to/from your types
// and asserts the results of JSON.parse at runtime
export class Convert {
    public static toUser(json: string): User {
        return cast(JSON.parse(json), r("User"));
    }

    public static userToJson(value: User): string {
        return JSON.stringify(uncast(value, r("User")), null, 2);
    }
}

function invalidValue(typ: any, val: any, key: any = ''): never {
    if (key) {
        throw Error(`Invalid value for key "${key}". Expected type ${JSON.stringify(typ)} but got ${JSON.stringify(val)}`);
    }
    throw Error(`Invalid value ${JSON.stringify(val)} for type ${JSON.stringify(typ)}`, );
}

function jsonToJSProps(typ: any): any {
    if (typ.jsonToJS === undefined) {
        const map: any = {};
        typ.props.forEach((p: any) => map[p.json] = { key: p.js, typ: p.typ });
        typ.jsonToJS = map;
    }
    return typ.jsonToJS;
}

function jsToJSONProps(typ: any): any {
    if (typ.jsToJSON === undefined) {
        const map: any = {};
        typ.props.forEach((p: any) => map[p.js] = { key: p.json, typ: p.typ });
        typ.jsToJSON = map;
    }
    return typ.jsToJSON;
}

function transform(val: any, typ: any, getProps: any, key: any = ''): any {
    function transformPrimitive(typ: string, val: any): any {
        if (typeof typ === typeof val) return val;
        return invalidValue(typ, val, key);
    }

    function transformUnion(typs: any[], val: any): any {
        // val must validate against one typ in typs
        const l = typs.length;
        for (let i = 0; i < l; i++) {
            const typ = typs[i];
            try {
                return transform(val, typ, getProps);
            } catch (_) {}
        }
        return invalidValue(typs, val);
    }

    function transformEnum(cases: string[], val: any): any {
        if (cases.indexOf(val) !== -1) return val;
        return invalidValue(cases, val);
    }

    function transformArray(typ: any, val: any): any {
        // val must be an array with no invalid elements
        if (!Array.isArray(val)) return invalidValue("array", val);
        return val.map(el => transform(el, typ, getProps));
    }

    function transformDate(val: any): any {
        if (val === null) {
            return null;
        }
        const d = new Date(val);
        if (isNaN(d.valueOf())) {
            return invalidValue("Date", val);
        }
        return d;
    }

    function transformObject(props: { [k: string]: any }, additional: any, val: any): any {
        if (val === null || typeof val !== "object" || Array.isArray(val)) {
            return invalidValue("object", val);
        }
        const result: any = {};
        Object.getOwnPropertyNames(props).forEach(key => {
            const prop = props[key];
            const v = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(val, key) ? val[key] : undefined;
            result[prop.key] = transform(v, prop.typ, getProps, prop.key);
        });
        Object.getOwnPropertyNames(val).forEach(key => {
            if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(props, key)) {
                result[key] = transform(val[key], additional, getProps, key);
            }
        });
        return result;
    }

    if (typ === "any") return val;
    if (typ === null) {
        if (val === null) return val;
        return invalidValue(typ, val);
    }
    if (typ === false) return invalidValue(typ, val);
    while (typeof typ === "object" && typ.ref !== undefined) {
        typ = typeMap[typ.ref];
    }
    if (Array.isArray(typ)) return transformEnum(typ, val);
    if (typeof typ === "object") {
        return typ.hasOwnProperty("unionMembers") ? transformUnion(typ.unionMembers, val)
            : typ.hasOwnProperty("arrayItems")    ? transformArray(typ.arrayItems, val)
            : typ.hasOwnProperty("props")         ? transformObject(getProps(typ), typ.additional, val)
            : invalidValue(typ, val);
    }
    // Numbers can be parsed by Date but shouldn't be.
    if (typ === Date && typeof val !== "number") return transformDate(val);
    return transformPrimitive(typ, val);
}

function cast<T>(val: any, typ: any): T {
    return transform(val, typ, jsonToJSProps);
}

function uncast<T>(val: T, typ: any): any {
    return transform(val, typ, jsToJSONProps);
}

function a(typ: any) {
    return { arrayItems: typ };
}

function u(...typs: any[]) {
    return { unionMembers: typs };
}

function o(props: any[], additional: any) {
    return { props, additional };
}

function m(additional: any) {
    return { props: [], additional };
}

function r(name: string) {
    return { ref: name };
}

const typeMap: any = {
    "User": o([
        { json: "name", js: "name", typ: "" },
        { json: "balance", js: "balance", typ: 0 },
    ], false),
};

其他回答

Typescript是javascript的超集,所以你只需要使用JSON。像在javascript中那样解析:

let obj = JSON.parse(jsonString);

只有在typescript中,你才能有结果对象的类型:

interface MyObj {
    myString: string;
    myNumber: number;
}

let obj: MyObj = JSON.parse('{ "myString": "string", "myNumber": 4 }');
console.log(obj.myString);
console.log(obj.myNumber);

(操场上的代码)

你还可以使用一些库来执行json的类型验证,比如Sparkson。它们允许你定义一个TypeScript类,你想解析你的响应,在你的情况下,它可以是:

import { Field } from "sparkson";
class Response {
   constructor(
      @Field("name") public name: string,
      @Field("error") public error: boolean
   ) {}
}

该库将验证所需字段是否出现在JSON有效负载中,以及它们的类型是否正确。它还可以执行一系列验证和转换。

使用app.quicktype.io在TypeScript中安全地解析JSON。稍后将详细介绍。 JSON.parse()返回类型any,在“愉快的路径”中是足够的,但可能导致与类型安全相关的下游错误,这违背了TypeScript的目的。例如:

interface User {
  name: string,
  balance: number
}

const json = '{"name": "Bob", "balance": "100"}' //note the string "100"
const user:User = JSON.parse(json)

const newBalance = user.balance + user.balance * 0.05 //should be 105 after interest
console.log(newBalance ) //but it ends up as 1005 which is clearly wrong

所以让quicktype来做繁重的工作并生成代码。快速复制并粘贴下面的字符串。

{
  "name": "Bob",
  "balance": 100
}

确保选择TypeScript作为语言,并启用“验证JSON”。在运行时解析结果”

现在,我们可以在解析时防御性地处理异常(如果有),并防止下游发生错误。

import { Convert, User } from "./user";

const json =
  '{"firstName": "Kevin", "lastName": "Le", "accountBalance": "100"}';

try {
  const user = Convert.toUser(json);
  console.log(user);
} catch (e) {
  console.log("Handle error", e);
}

用户。Ts为quicktype生成的文件。

// To parse this data:
//
//   import { Convert, User } from "./file";
//
//   const user = Convert.toUser(json);
//
// These functions will throw an error if the JSON doesn't
// match the expected interface, even if the JSON is valid.

export interface User {
    name:    string;
    balance: number;
}

// Converts JSON strings to/from your types
// and asserts the results of JSON.parse at runtime
export class Convert {
    public static toUser(json: string): User {
        return cast(JSON.parse(json), r("User"));
    }

    public static userToJson(value: User): string {
        return JSON.stringify(uncast(value, r("User")), null, 2);
    }
}

function invalidValue(typ: any, val: any, key: any = ''): never {
    if (key) {
        throw Error(`Invalid value for key "${key}". Expected type ${JSON.stringify(typ)} but got ${JSON.stringify(val)}`);
    }
    throw Error(`Invalid value ${JSON.stringify(val)} for type ${JSON.stringify(typ)}`, );
}

function jsonToJSProps(typ: any): any {
    if (typ.jsonToJS === undefined) {
        const map: any = {};
        typ.props.forEach((p: any) => map[p.json] = { key: p.js, typ: p.typ });
        typ.jsonToJS = map;
    }
    return typ.jsonToJS;
}

function jsToJSONProps(typ: any): any {
    if (typ.jsToJSON === undefined) {
        const map: any = {};
        typ.props.forEach((p: any) => map[p.js] = { key: p.json, typ: p.typ });
        typ.jsToJSON = map;
    }
    return typ.jsToJSON;
}

function transform(val: any, typ: any, getProps: any, key: any = ''): any {
    function transformPrimitive(typ: string, val: any): any {
        if (typeof typ === typeof val) return val;
        return invalidValue(typ, val, key);
    }

    function transformUnion(typs: any[], val: any): any {
        // val must validate against one typ in typs
        const l = typs.length;
        for (let i = 0; i < l; i++) {
            const typ = typs[i];
            try {
                return transform(val, typ, getProps);
            } catch (_) {}
        }
        return invalidValue(typs, val);
    }

    function transformEnum(cases: string[], val: any): any {
        if (cases.indexOf(val) !== -1) return val;
        return invalidValue(cases, val);
    }

    function transformArray(typ: any, val: any): any {
        // val must be an array with no invalid elements
        if (!Array.isArray(val)) return invalidValue("array", val);
        return val.map(el => transform(el, typ, getProps));
    }

    function transformDate(val: any): any {
        if (val === null) {
            return null;
        }
        const d = new Date(val);
        if (isNaN(d.valueOf())) {
            return invalidValue("Date", val);
        }
        return d;
    }

    function transformObject(props: { [k: string]: any }, additional: any, val: any): any {
        if (val === null || typeof val !== "object" || Array.isArray(val)) {
            return invalidValue("object", val);
        }
        const result: any = {};
        Object.getOwnPropertyNames(props).forEach(key => {
            const prop = props[key];
            const v = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(val, key) ? val[key] : undefined;
            result[prop.key] = transform(v, prop.typ, getProps, prop.key);
        });
        Object.getOwnPropertyNames(val).forEach(key => {
            if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(props, key)) {
                result[key] = transform(val[key], additional, getProps, key);
            }
        });
        return result;
    }

    if (typ === "any") return val;
    if (typ === null) {
        if (val === null) return val;
        return invalidValue(typ, val);
    }
    if (typ === false) return invalidValue(typ, val);
    while (typeof typ === "object" && typ.ref !== undefined) {
        typ = typeMap[typ.ref];
    }
    if (Array.isArray(typ)) return transformEnum(typ, val);
    if (typeof typ === "object") {
        return typ.hasOwnProperty("unionMembers") ? transformUnion(typ.unionMembers, val)
            : typ.hasOwnProperty("arrayItems")    ? transformArray(typ.arrayItems, val)
            : typ.hasOwnProperty("props")         ? transformObject(getProps(typ), typ.additional, val)
            : invalidValue(typ, val);
    }
    // Numbers can be parsed by Date but shouldn't be.
    if (typ === Date && typeof val !== "number") return transformDate(val);
    return transformPrimitive(typ, val);
}

function cast<T>(val: any, typ: any): T {
    return transform(val, typ, jsonToJSProps);
}

function uncast<T>(val: T, typ: any): any {
    return transform(val, typ, jsToJSONProps);
}

function a(typ: any) {
    return { arrayItems: typ };
}

function u(...typs: any[]) {
    return { unionMembers: typs };
}

function o(props: any[], additional: any) {
    return { props, additional };
}

function m(additional: any) {
    return { props: [], additional };
}

function r(name: string) {
    return { ref: name };
}

const typeMap: any = {
    "User": o([
        { json: "name", js: "name", typ: "" },
        { json: "balance", js: "balance", typ: 0 },
    ], false),
};

如果你想让你的JSON有一个经过验证的Typescript类型,你需要自己做这个验证工作。这并不是什么新鲜事。在纯Javascript中,也需要这样做。

验证

我喜欢将我的验证逻辑表示为一组“转换”。我将描述符定义为转换的映射:

type Descriptor<T> = {
  [P in keyof T]: (v: any) => T[P];
};

然后我可以创建一个函数,将这些变换应用于任意输入:

function pick<T>(v: any, d: Descriptor<T>): T {
  const ret: any = {};
  for (let key in d) {
    try {
      const val = d[key](v[key]);
      if (typeof val !== "undefined") {
        ret[key] = val;
      }
    } catch (err) {
      const msg = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
      throw new Error(`could not pick ${key}: ${msg}`);
    }
  }
  return ret;
}

现在,我不仅验证我的JSON输入,而且我正在构建一个Typescript类型。上述泛型类型确保结果从“转换”推断出类型。

如果转换抛出错误(这是实现验证的方式),我喜欢用另一个错误来包装它,显示是哪个键引起了错误。

使用

在你的例子中,我会这样使用:

const value = pick(JSON.parse('{"name": "Bob", "error": false}'), {
  name: String,
  error: Boolean,
});

现在value将被类型化,因为String和Boolean都是“转换器”,它们接受输入并返回类型化输出。

而且,该值实际上就是该类型。换句话说,如果name实际上是123,它将被转换为“123”,这样您就有了一个有效的字符串。这是因为我们在运行时使用了String,这是一个接受任意输入并返回字符串的内置函数。

你可以看到它在这里工作。试试下面的方法来说服自己:

将鼠标悬停在const值定义上,查看弹出窗口显示正确的类型。 尝试将“Bob”更改为123并重新运行示例。在控制台中,您将看到名称已正确地转换为字符串“123”。

JSON。parse在TypeScript中是可用的,所以你可以直接使用它:

JSON.parse('{"name": "Bob", "error": false}') // Returns a value of type 'any'

但是,您经常希望在解析JSON对象时确保它匹配某个类型,而不是处理any类型的值。在这种情况下,您可以定义如下函数:

function parse_json<TargetType extends Object>(
  json: string,
  type_definitions: { [Key in keyof TargetType]: (raw_value: any) => TargetType[Key] }
): TargetType {
  const raw = JSON.parse(json); 
  const result: any = {};
  for (const key in type_definitions) result[key] = type_definitions[key](raw[key]);
  return result;
}

这个函数接受一个JSON字符串和一个包含加载所创建对象的每个字段的单独函数的对象。你可以这样使用它:

const value = parse_json(
  '{"name": "Bob", "error": false}',
  { name: String, error: Boolean, }
);