根据@Nick keets的回答，这里有一个更完整的例子:

extension String: Error {} // Enables you to throw a string

extension String: LocalizedError { // Adds error.localizedDescription to Error instances
    public var errorDescription: String? { return self }
}

func test(color: NSColor) throws{
    if color == .red {
        throw "I don't like red"
    }else if color == .green {
        throw "I'm not into green"
    }else {
        throw "I like all other colors"
    }
}

do {
    try test(color: .green)
} catch let error where error.localizedDescription == "I don't like red"{
    Swift.print ("Error: \(error)") // "I don't like red"
}catch let error {
    Swift.print ("Other cases: Error: \(error.localizedDescription)") // I like all other colors
}

最初发表于我的swift博客:http://eon.codes/blog/2017/09/01/throwing-simple-errors/

斯威夫特4:

按:

https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/nserror

如果你不想定义一个自定义异常，你可以使用一个标准NSError对象，如下所示:

import Foundation

do {
  throw NSError(domain: "my error domain", code: 42, userInfo: ["ui1":12, "ui2":"val2"] ) 
}
catch let error as NSError {
  print("Caught NSError: \(error.localizedDescription), \(error.domain), \(error.code)")
  let uis = error.userInfo 
  print("\tUser info:")
  for (key,value) in uis {
    print("\t\tkey=\(key), value=\(value)")
  }
}

打印:

Caught NSError: The operation could not be completed, my error domain, 42
    User info:
        key=ui1, value=12
        key=ui2, value=val2

这允许您提供一个自定义字符串(错误域)，加上一个数字代码和一个字典，其中包含您需要的所有其他类型的数据。

注意:这是在OS=Linux (Ubuntu 16.04 LTS)上测试的。

我喜欢@Alexander-Borisenko的回答，但是当被捕捉为错误时，本地化的描述没有返回。看起来你需要使用LocalizedError代替:

struct RuntimeError: LocalizedError
{
    let message: String

    init(_ message: String)
    {
        self.message = message
    }

    public var errorDescription: String?
    {
        return message
    }
}

更多细节请看这个答案。

最简单的解决方案，没有额外的扩展，枚举，类等:

NSException(name:NSExceptionName(rawValue: "name"), reason:"reason", userInfo:nil).raise()

首先，让我们看一些使用示例，然后如何使这些示例工作(定义)。

使用

do {
    throw MyError.Failure
} catch {
    print(error.localizedDescription)
}

或更具体的风格:

do {
    try somethingThatThrows()
} catch MyError.Failure {
    // Handle special case here.
} catch MyError.Rejected {
    // Another special case...
} catch {
    print(error.localizedDescription)
}

此外，分类也是可能的:

do {
    // ...
} catch is MyOtherErrorEnum {
    // If you handle entire category equally.
} catch let error as MyError {
    // Or handle few cases equally (without string-compare).
    switch error {
    case .Failure:
        fallthrough;
    case .Rejected:
        myShowErrorDialog(error);
    default:
        break
    }
}

定义

public enum MyError: String, LocalizedError {
    case Failure = "Connection fail - double check internet access."
    case Rejected = "Invalid credentials, try again."
    case Unknown = "Unexpected REST-API error."

    public var errorDescription: String? { self.rawValue }
}

利与弊

Swift自动定义错误变量，处理程序只需要读取localizedDescription属性。

但这是模糊的，我们应该使用“catch MyError”。Failure{}”的样式代替(以明确我们处理的情况)，尽管，分类是可能的，如使用示例所示。

Teodor-Ciuraru's answer (which's almost equal) still needs a long manual cast (like "catch let error as User.UserValidationError { ... }"). The accepted categorization-enum approach's disadvantages: Is too vague as he comments himself, so that catchers may need to compare String message!? (just to know exact error). For throwing same more than once, needs copy/pasting message!! Also, needs a long phrase as well, like "catch MyError.runtimeError(let errorMessage) { ... }". The NSException approach has same disadvantages of categorization-enum approach (except maybe shorter catching paragraph), also, even if put in a factory method to create and throw, is quite complicated.

结论

通过简单地使用LocalizedError而不是Error，这完成了其他现有的解决方案，并希望将像我这样的人从阅读所有其他帖子中拯救出来。

(我的懒惰有时会给我带来很多工作。)

测试

import Foundation
import XCTest
@testable import MyApp

class MyErrorTest: XCTestCase {
    func testErrorDescription_beSameAfterThrow() {
        let obj = MyError.Rejected;
        let msg = "Invalid credentials, try again."
        XCTAssertEqual(obj.rawValue, msg);
        XCTAssertEqual(obj.localizedDescription, msg);
        do {
            throw obj;
        } catch {
            XCTAssertEqual(error.localizedDescription, msg);
        }
    }

    func testThrow_triggersCorrectCatch() {
        // Specific.
        var caught = "None"
        do {
            throw MyError.Rejected;
        } catch MyError.Failure {
            caught = "Failure"
        } catch MyError.Rejected {
            caught = "Successful reject"
        } catch {
            caught = "Default"
        }
        XCTAssertEqual(caught, "Successful reject");
    }
}

其他工具:

如果为每个枚举实现errorDescription很痛苦，那么就一次性实现它，比如:

extension RawRepresentable where RawValue == String, Self: LocalizedError {
    public var errorDescription: String? {
        return self.rawValue;
    }
}

上面只是为已经扩展了LocalizedError的枚举添加了逻辑(但是可以删除“Self: LocalizedError”部分，使其应用于任何string-enum)。

#2如果我们需要额外的上下文，如FileNotFound与文件路径相关联?请看我的另一篇文章:

https://stackoverflow.com/a/70448052/8740349

基本上，将LocalizedErrorEnum从上面的链接复制并添加到您的项目中，并根据需要使用关联枚举多次重用。

我想对所提议的一些解决办法提出一些变通建议:

public enum MyError: Error {
    var localizedDescription: String {
        get {
            switch(self) {
                case .network(let message, let code):
                    return "\(message) (\(code))"
                case .invalidInput(message: let message):
                    return message
            }
        }
    }
    case network(message: String, code: Int)
    case invalidInput(message: String)
}

它需要更多的工作来创建，但它提供了所有世界中最好的:

它是一个枚举，所以可以在switch语句中使用。 所有错误都必须创建一个消息，即使对于相同类型的错误也可以是不同的消息(与扩展String的枚举不同) 它在localizedDescription下提供了每个开发人员都期望的消息。