a = 0    #1. global variable with respect to every function in program

def f():
    a = 0          #2. nonlocal with respect to function g
    def g():
        nonlocal a
        a=a+1
        print("The value of 'a' using nonlocal is ", a)
    def h():
        global a               #3. using global variable
        a=a+5
        print("The value of a using global is ", a)
    def i():
        a = 0              #4. variable separated from all others
        print("The value of 'a' inside a function is ", a)

    g()
    h()
    i()
print("The value of 'a' global before any function", a)
f()
print("The value of 'a' global after using function f ", a)

使用“非局部”内部函数(即嵌套内部函数)可以获得外部父函数的特定变量的读和写权限。而nonlocal只能在内部函数中使用 例如:

a = 10
def Outer(msg):
    a = 20
    b = 30
    def Inner():
        c = 50
        d = 60
        print("MU LCL =",locals())
        nonlocal a
        a = 100
        ans = a+c
        print("Hello from Inner",ans)       
        print("value of a Inner : ",a)
    Inner()
    print("value of a Outer : ",a)

res = Outer("Hello World")
print(res)
print("value of a Global : ",a)

它取源代码中“最接近”的引用点。 这被称为“词法范围”，是>40年来的标准。

Python的类成员实际上在一个名为__dict__的字典中，并且永远不会通过词法作用域到达。

如果你不指定nonlocal，而是指定x = 7，它将创建一个新的局部变量"x"。 如果你指定了nonlocal，它会找到“最接近”的“x”并赋值给它。 如果你指定了nonlocal并且没有“x”，它会给你一个错误消息。

关键字global对我来说总是很奇怪，因为它会很高兴地忽略所有其他的“x”，除了最外面的那个。

在谷歌中搜索“python nonlocal”，可以找到提案PEP 3104，它完整地描述了语句背后的语法和推理。简而言之，它的工作方式与global语句完全相同，只是它用于引用对函数来说既不是全局变量也不是局部变量的变量。

下面是一个简单的例子，说明您可以使用它做什么。可以重写计数器生成器来使用它，使它看起来更像带有闭包的语言的习惯用法。

def make_counter():
    count = 0
    def counter():
        nonlocal count
        count += 1
        return count
    return counter

显然，你可以把它写成一个生成器，像这样:

def counter_generator():
    count = 0
    while True:
        count += 1
        yield count

但是，虽然这是完美的python习惯用法，但对于初学者来说，第一个版本似乎更明显一些。通过调用返回的函数正确使用生成器是一个常见的混淆点。第一个版本显式返回一个函数。

文件如下:

非局部语句导致所列出的标识符被引用 先前在最近的封闭范围内绑定的变量除外 全局变量。

例如，inner()中的非局部变量foo可以访问middle()中的非局部变量foo = 10，但不能访问outer()中的非局部变量foo = 5或outer()外的全局变量foo = 0，如下所示:

foo = 0 # <- ✖
def outer():
    foo = 5 # <- ✖
    def middle():
        foo = 10 # <- 〇
        def inner():
            nonlocal foo # Here
            foo += 1
            print(foo) # 11
        inner()
    middle()
outer()

help('nonlocal') The nonlocal statement nonlocal_stmt ::= "nonlocal" identifier ("," identifier)* The nonlocal statement causes the listed identifiers to refer to previously bound variables in the nearest enclosing scope. This is important because the default behavior for binding is to search the local namespace first. The statement allows encapsulated code to rebind variables outside of the local scope besides the global (module) scope. Names listed in a nonlocal statement, unlike to those listed in a global statement, must refer to pre-existing bindings in an enclosing scope (the scope in which a new binding should be created cannot be determined unambiguously). Names listed in a nonlocal statement must not collide with pre- existing bindings in the local scope. See also: PEP 3104 - Access to Names in Outer Scopes The specification for the nonlocal statement. Related help topics: global, NAMESPACES

来源:Python语言参考