为什么下面的工作正常?

String str;
while (condition) {
    str = calculateStr();
    .....
}

但是下面这个被认为是危险的/不正确的:

while (condition) {
    String str = calculateStr();
    .....
}

有必要在循环之外声明变量吗?


当前回答

我认为物体的大小也很重要。 在我的一个项目中,我们声明并初始化了一个大型二维数组,该数组使应用程序抛出内存不足异常。 我们将声明移出循环,并在每次迭代开始时清除数组。

其他回答

如果你的calculateStr()方法返回null,然后你试图在str上调用一个方法,你有NullPointerException的风险。

更一般地说,避免使用空值变量。顺便说一下,它对类属性更强。

在循环中声明将限制各自变量的范围。这完全取决于项目对变量范围的要求。

在while循环之外声明String str允许它在while循环内外被引用。在while循环中声明String str只允许它在while循环中被引用。

请跳到最新的答案…

对于那些关心绩效的人,可以去掉系统。输出并将循环限制为1字节。使用double (test 1/2)和使用String(3/4),在Windows 7 Professional 64位和JDK-1.7.0_21上运行的时间以毫秒为单位,如下所示。字节码(下面也给出了test1和test2的字节码)是不同的。我懒得测试可变和相对复杂的对象。

Test1耗时:2710毫秒

Test2耗时:2790毫秒

字符串(在测试中用字符串替换double)

Test3耗时:1200毫秒

Test4耗时:3000毫秒

编译和获取字节码

javac.exe LocalTest1.java

javap.exe -c LocalTest1 > LocalTest1.bc


public class LocalTest1 {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        double test;
        for (double i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {
            test = i;
        }
        long finish = System.currentTimeMillis();
        System.out.println("Test1 Took: " + (finish - start) + " msecs");
    }

}

public class LocalTest2 {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for (double i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {
            double test = i;
        }
        long finish = System.currentTimeMillis();
        System.out.println("Test1 Took: " + (finish - start) + " msecs");
    }
}


Compiled from "LocalTest1.java"
public class LocalTest1 {
  public LocalTest1();
    Code:
       0: aload_0
       1: invokespecial #1                  // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
       4: return

  public static void main(java.lang.String[]) throws java.lang.Exception;
    Code:
       0: invokestatic  #2                  // Method java/lang/System.currentTimeMillis:()J
       3: lstore_1
       4: dconst_0
       5: dstore        5
       7: dload         5
       9: ldc2_w        #3                  // double 1.0E9d
      12: dcmpg
      13: ifge          28
      16: dload         5
      18: dstore_3
      19: dload         5
      21: dconst_1
      22: dadd
      23: dstore        5
      25: goto          7
      28: invokestatic  #2                  // Method java/lang/System.currentTimeMillis:()J
      31: lstore        5
      33: getstatic     #5                  // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
      36: new           #6                  // class java/lang/StringBuilder
      39: dup
      40: invokespecial #7                  // Method java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
      43: ldc           #8                  // String Test1 Took:
      45: invokevirtual #9                  // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
      48: lload         5
      50: lload_1
      51: lsub
      52: invokevirtual #10                 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(J)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
      55: ldc           #11                 // String  msecs
      57: invokevirtual #9                  // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
      60: invokevirtual #12                 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
      63: invokevirtual #13                 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
      66: return
}


Compiled from "LocalTest2.java"
public class LocalTest2 {
  public LocalTest2();
    Code:
       0: aload_0
       1: invokespecial #1                  // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
       4: return

  public static void main(java.lang.String[]) throws java.lang.Exception;
    Code:
       0: invokestatic  #2                  // Method java/lang/System.currentTimeMillis:()J
       3: lstore_1
       4: dconst_0
       5: dstore_3
       6: dload_3
       7: ldc2_w        #3                  // double 1.0E9d
      10: dcmpg
      11: ifge          24
      14: dload_3
      15: dstore        5
      17: dload_3
      18: dconst_1
      19: dadd
      20: dstore_3
      21: goto          6
      24: invokestatic  #2                  // Method java/lang/System.currentTimeMillis:()J
      27: lstore_3
      28: getstatic     #5                  // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
      31: new           #6                  // class java/lang/StringBuilder
      34: dup
      35: invokespecial #7                  // Method java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
      38: ldc           #8                  // String Test1 Took:
      40: invokevirtual #9                  // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
      43: lload_3
      44: lload_1
      45: lsub
      46: invokevirtual #10                 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(J)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
      49: ldc           #11                 // String  msecs
      51: invokevirtual #9                  // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
      54: invokevirtual #12                 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
      57: invokevirtual #13                 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
      60: return
}

更新后的答案

比较所有JVM优化的性能确实不容易。然而,这在某种程度上是可能的。在谷歌卡尺中更好的测试和详细的结果

关于博客的一些细节:应该在循环内部还是循环之前声明变量? GitHub存储库:https://github.com/gunduru/jvdt 双case和100M循环的测试结果(是的所有JVM细节):https://microbenchmarks.appspot.com/runs/b1cef8d1-0e2c-4120-be61-a99faff625b4

声明前1759.209 ns DeclaredInside 2,242.308 ns

双重声明的部分测试代码

这与上面的代码并不相同。如果您只是编写了一个虚拟循环,JVM将跳过它,因此至少您需要赋值并返回一些东西。在Caliper文档中也推荐这样做。

@Param int size; // Set automatically by framework, provided in the Main
/**
* Variable is declared inside the loop.
*
* @param reps
* @return
*/
public double timeDeclaredInside(int reps) {
    /* Dummy variable needed to workaround smart JVM */
    double dummy = 0;

    /* Test loop */
    for (double i = 0; i <= size; i++) {

        /* Declaration and assignment */
        double test = i;

        /* Dummy assignment to fake JVM */
        if(i == size) {
            dummy = test;
        }
    }
    return dummy;
}

/**
* Variable is declared before the loop.
*
* @param reps
* @return
*/
public double timeDeclaredBefore(int reps) {

    /* Dummy variable needed to workaround smart JVM */
    double dummy = 0;

    /* Actual test variable */
    double test = 0;

    /* Test loop */
    for (double i = 0; i <= size; i++) {

        /* Assignment */
        test = i;

        /* Not actually needed here, but we need consistent performance results */
        if(i == size) {
            dummy = test;
        }
    }
    return dummy;
}

总结:declardbefore表示更好的性能——非常小——它违背了最小作用域原则。JVM实际上应该为您做这件事

在这个问题上对几乎所有人的警告:下面是示例代码,在我的Java 7计算机上,循环内部的速度很容易慢200倍(内存消耗也略有不同)。但这不仅关乎范围,还关乎分配。

public class Test
{
    private final static int STUFF_SIZE = 512;
    private final static long LOOP = 10000000l;

    private static class Foo
    {
        private long[] bigStuff = new long[STUFF_SIZE];

        public Foo(long value)
        {
            setValue(value);
        }

        public void setValue(long value)
        {
            // Putting value in a random place.
            bigStuff[(int) (value % STUFF_SIZE)] = value;
        }

        public long getValue()
        {
            // Retrieving whatever value.
            return bigStuff[STUFF_SIZE / 2];
        }
    }

    public static long test1()
    {
        long total = 0;

        for (long i = 0; i < LOOP; i++)
        {
            Foo foo = new Foo(i);
            total += foo.getValue();
        }

        return total;
    }

    public static long test2()
    {
        long total = 0;

        Foo foo = new Foo(0);
        for (long i = 0; i < LOOP; i++)
        {
            foo.setValue(i);
            total += foo.getValue();
        }

        return total;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        long start;

        start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        test1();
        System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() - start);

        start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        test2();
        System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() - start);
    }
}

结论:根据局部变量的大小,即使变量不是那么大,差异也可能是巨大的。

只是说,有时候,在循环外或循环内确实很重要。