我可以在Swift库中看到这些定义:
extension Bool : BooleanLiteralConvertible {
static func convertFromBooleanLiteral(value: Bool) -> Bool
}
protocol BooleanLiteralConvertible {
typealias BooleanLiteralType
class func convertFromBooleanLiteral(value: BooleanLiteralType) -> Self
}
定义为静态func的成员函数和定义为类func的成员函数之间有什么区别?是不是简单地说，static是用于结构体和枚举的静态函数，class是用于类和协议?还有其他不同之处吗?在语法本身中有这种区别的基本原理是什么?
当前回答
是不是简单地说，static是用于结构体和枚举的静态函数，class是用于类和协议?
这是主要的区别。其他一些不同之处在于类函数是动态分派的，并且可以被子类覆盖。
协议使用class关键字，但它不排除实现协议的结构，而是使用static。Class是为协议选择的，这样就不需要第三个关键字来表示静态或类。
下面是克里斯·拉特纳对这个话题的看法:
我们考虑统一语法(例如使用“type”作为关键字)，但这实际上并不能简化事情。关键字“类”和“静态”有助于熟悉并具有相当的描述性(一旦您理解了+方法的工作方式)，并为潜在地向类添加真正的静态方法打开了大门。这个模型的主要奇怪之处在于协议必须选择一个关键字(我们选择了“类”)，但总的来说，这是正确的权衡。
下面是一个片段，展示了类函数的一些重写行为:
class MyClass {
class func myFunc() {
println("myClass")
}
}
class MyOtherClass: MyClass {
override class func myFunc() {
println("myOtherClass")
}
}
var x: MyClass = MyOtherClass()
x.dynamicType.myFunc() //myOtherClass
x = MyClass()
x.dynamicType.myFunc() //myClass
其他回答
这被称为类型方法，并且像实例方法一样使用点语法调用。但是，在类型上调用类型方法，而不是在该类型的实例上调用类型方法。下面是如何在一个名为SomeClass的类上调用类型方法:
是不是简单地说，static是用于结构体和枚举的静态函数，class是用于类和协议?
这是主要的区别。其他一些不同之处在于类函数是动态分派的，并且可以被子类覆盖。
协议使用class关键字，但它不排除实现协议的结构，而是使用static。Class是为协议选择的，这样就不需要第三个关键字来表示静态或类。
下面是克里斯·拉特纳对这个话题的看法:
我们考虑统一语法(例如使用“type”作为关键字)，但这实际上并不能简化事情。关键字“类”和“静态”有助于熟悉并具有相当的描述性(一旦您理解了+方法的工作方式)，并为潜在地向类添加真正的静态方法打开了大门。这个模型的主要奇怪之处在于协议必须选择一个关键字(我们选择了“类”)，但总的来说，这是正确的权衡。
下面是一个片段，展示了类函数的一些重写行为:
class MyClass {
class func myFunc() {
println("myClass")
}
}
class MyOtherClass: MyClass {
override class func myFunc() {
println("myOtherClass")
}
}
var x: MyClass = MyOtherClass()
x.dynamicType.myFunc() //myOtherClass
x = MyClass()
x.dynamicType.myFunc() //myClass
若要声明类型变量属性，请使用静态声明修饰符标记声明。类可以用类声明修饰符标记类型计算属性，以允许子类重写超类的实现。类型属性在类型属性中讨论。 请注意 在类声明中，关键字static与同时使用类和final声明修饰符标记声明具有相同的效果。
来源:Swift编程语言-类型变量属性
我在操场上做了一些实验，得到了一些结论。
博士TL;
如您所见，在类的情况下，使用类func还是静态func只是一个习惯问题。
游乐场的例子，并附有解释:
class Dog {
final func identity() -> String {
return "Once a woofer, forever a woofer!"
}
class func talk() -> String {
return "Woof woof!"
}
static func eat() -> String {
return "Miam miam"
}
func sleep() -> String {
return "Zzz"
}
}
class Bulldog: Dog {
// Can not override a final function
// override final func identity() -> String {
// return "I'm once a dog but now I'm a cat"
// }
// Can not override a "class func", but redeclare is ok
func talk() -> String {
return "I'm a bulldog, and I don't woof."
}
// Same as "class func"
func eat() -> String {
return "I'm a bulldog, and I don't eat."
}
// Normal function can be overridden
override func sleep() -> String {
return "I'm a bulldog, and I don't sleep."
}
}
let dog = Dog()
let bullDog = Bulldog()
// FINAL FUNC
//print(Dog.identity()) // compile error
print(dog.identity()) // print "Once a woofer, forever a woofer!"
//print(Bulldog.identity()) // compile error
print(bullDog.identity()) // print "Once a woofer, forever a woofer!"
// => "final func" is just a "normal" one but prevented to be overridden nor redeclared by subclasses.
// CLASS FUNC
print(Dog.talk()) // print "Woof woof!", called directly from class
//print(dog.talk()) // compile error cause "class func" is meant to be called directly from class, not an instance.
print(Bulldog.talk()) // print "Woof woof!" cause it's called from Bulldog class, not bullDog instance.
print(bullDog.talk()) // print "I'm a bulldog, and I don't woof." cause talk() is redeclared and it's called from bullDig instance
// => "class func" is like a "static" one, must be called directly from class or subclassed, can be redeclared but NOT meant to be overridden.
// STATIC FUNC
print(Dog.eat()) // print "Miam miam"
//print(dog.eat()) // compile error cause "static func" is type method
print(Bulldog.eat()) // print "Miam miam"
print(bullDog.eat()) // print "I'm a bulldog, and I don't eat."
// NORMAL FUNC
//print(Dog.sleep()) // compile error
print(dog.sleep()) // print "Zzz"
//print(Bulldog.sleep()) // compile error
print(bullDog.sleep()) // print "I'm a bulldog, and I don't sleep."
这个例子将清楚每一个方面!
import UIKit
class Parent {
final func finalFunc() -> String { // Final Function, cannot be redeclared.
return "Parent Final Function."
}
static func staticFunc() -> String { // Static Function, can be redeclared.
return "Parent Static Function."
}
func staticFunc() -> String { // Above function redeclared as Normal function.
return "Parent Static Function, redeclared with same name but as non-static(normal) function."
}
class func classFunc() -> String { // Class Function, can be redeclared.
return "Parent Class Function."
}
func classFunc() -> String { // Above function redeclared as Normal function.
return "Parent Class Function, redeclared with same name but as non-class(normal) function."
}
func normalFunc() -> String { // Normal function, obviously cannot be redeclared.
return "Parent Normal Function."
}
}
class Child:Parent {
// Final functions cannot be overridden.
override func staticFunc() -> String { // This override form is of the redeclared version i.e: "func staticFunc()" so just like any other function of normal type, it can be overridden.
return "Child Static Function redeclared and overridden, can simply be called Child Normal Function."
}
override class func classFunc() -> String { // Class function, can be overidden.
return "Child Class Function."
}
override func classFunc() -> String { // This override form is of the redeclared version i.e: "func classFunc()" so just like any other function of normal type, it can be overridden.
return "Child Class Function, redeclared and overridden, can simply be called Child Normal Function."
}
override func normalFunc() -> String { // Normal function, can be overridden.
return "Child Normal Function."
}
}
let parent = Parent()
let child = Child()
// Final
print("1. " + parent.finalFunc()) // 1. Can be called by object.
print("2. " + child.finalFunc()) // 2. Can be called by object, parent(final) function will be called.
// Parent.finalFunc() // Cannot be called by class name directly.
// Child.finalFunc() // Cannot be called by class name directly.
// Static
print("3. " + parent.staticFunc()) // 3. Cannot be called by object, this is redeclared version (i.e: a normal function).
print("4. " + child.staticFunc()) // 4. Cannot be called by object, this is override form redeclared version (normal function).
print("5. " + Parent.staticFunc()) // 5. Can be called by class name directly.
print("6. " + Child.staticFunc()) // 6. Can be called by class name direcly, parent(static) function will be called.
// Class
print("7. " + parent.classFunc()) // 7. Cannot be called by object, this is redeclared version (i.e: a normal function).
print("8. " + child.classFunc()) // 8. Cannot be called by object, this is override form redeclared version (normal function).
print("9. " + Parent.classFunc()) // 9. Can be called by class name directly.
print("10. " + Child.classFunc()) // 10. Can be called by class name direcly, child(class) function will be called.
// Normal
print("11. " + parent.normalFunc()) // 11. Can be called by object.
print("12. " + child.normalFunc()) // 12. Can be called by object, child(normal) function will be called.
// Parent.normalFunc() // Cannot be called by class name directly.
// Child.normalFunc() // Cannot be called by class name directly.
/*
Notes:
___________________________________________________________________________
|Types------Redeclare------Override------Call by object------Call by Class|
|Final----------0--------------0---------------1------------------0-------|
|Static---------1--------------0---------------0------------------1-------|
|Class----------1--------------1---------------0------------------1-------|
|Normal---------0--------------1---------------1------------------0-------|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Final vs Normal function: Both are same but normal methods can be overridden.
Static vs Class function: Both are same but class methods can be overridden.
*/
输出:
