问:Java中的异常处理真的很慢吗?

传统观点以及大量谷歌结果表明,不应该将异常逻辑用于Java中的正常程序流。通常会给出两个原因,

它真的很慢——甚至比普通代码慢一个数量级(给出的原因各不相同),

and

它很混乱,因为人们只希望在异常代码中处理错误。

这个问题是关于第一条的。

As an example, this page describes Java exception handling as "very slow" and relates the slowness to the creation of the exception message string - "this string is then used in creating the exception object that is thrown. This is not fast." The article Effective Exception Handling in Java says that "the reason for this is due to the object creation aspect of exception handling, which thereby makes throwing exceptions inherently slow". Another reason out there is that the stack trace generation is what slows it down.

My testing (using Java 1.6.0_07, Java HotSpot 10.0, on 32 bit Linux), indicates that exception handling is no slower than regular code. I tried running a method in a loop that executes some code. At the end of the method, I use a boolean to indicate whether to return or throw. This way the actual processing is the same. I tried running the methods in different orders and averaging my test times, thinking it may have been the JVM warming up. In all my tests, the throw was at least as fast as the return, if not faster (up to 3.1% faster). I am completely open to the possibility that my tests were wrong, but I haven't seen anything out there in the way of the code sample, test comparisons, or results in the last year or two that show exception handling in Java to actually be slow.

引导我走上这条路的是我需要使用的一个API,它将抛出异常作为正常控制逻辑的一部分。我想纠正它们的用法,但现在我可能做不到。我是否应该赞美他们的前瞻思维?

在论文《即时编译中的高效Java异常处理》中,作者建议,即使没有抛出异常,仅异常处理程序的存在就足以阻止JIT编译器正确优化代码,从而降低代码的速度。我还没有测试过这个理论。


当前回答

我已经扩展了@Mecki和@incarnate给出的答案,没有为Java填充stacktrace。

在Java 7+中,我们可以使用Throwable(String message, Throwable cause, boolean enableSuppression,boolean writableStackTrace)。但是对于Java6,请参阅我对这个问题的回答

// This one will regularly throw one
public void method4(int i) throws NoStackTraceThrowable {
    value = ((value + i) / i) << 1;
    // i & 1 is equally fast to calculate as i & 0xFFFFFFF; it is both
    // an AND operation between two integers. The size of the number plays
    // no role. AND on 32 BIT always ANDs all 32 bits
    if ((i & 0x1) == 1) {
        throw new NoStackTraceThrowable();
    }
}

// This one will regularly throw one
public void method5(int i) throws NoStackTraceRuntimeException {
    value = ((value + i) / i) << 1;
    // i & 1 is equally fast to calculate as i & 0xFFFFFFF; it is both
    // an AND operation between two integers. The size of the number plays
    // no role. AND on 32 BIT always ANDs all 32 bits
    if ((i & 0x1) == 1) {
        throw new NoStackTraceRuntimeException();
    }
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    int i;
    long l;
    Test t = new Test();

    l = System.currentTimeMillis();
    t.reset();
    for (i = 1; i < 100000000; i++) {
        try {
            t.method4(i);
        } catch (NoStackTraceThrowable e) {
            // Do nothing here, as we will get here
        }
    }
    l = System.currentTimeMillis() - l;
    System.out.println( "method4 took " + l + " ms, result was " + t.getValue() );


    l = System.currentTimeMillis();
    t.reset();
    for (i = 1; i < 100000000; i++) {
        try {
            t.method5(i);
        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
            // Do nothing here, as we will get here
        }
    }
    l = System.currentTimeMillis() - l;
    System.out.println( "method5 took " + l + " ms, result was " + t.getValue() );
}

输出与Java 1.6.0_45,在Core i7, 8GB RAM:

method1 took 883 ms, result was 2
method2 took 882 ms, result was 2
method3 took 32270 ms, result was 2 // throws Exception
method4 took 8114 ms, result was 2 // throws NoStackTraceThrowable
method5 took 8086 ms, result was 2 // throws NoStackTraceRuntimeException

因此,返回值的方法仍然比引发异常的方法更快。恕我直言,我们不能仅仅为成功流和错误流使用返回类型来设计一个清晰的API。在没有stacktrace的情况下抛出异常的方法比普通异常快4-5倍。

谢谢@Greg

public class NoStackTraceThrowable extends Throwable { 
    public NoStackTraceThrowable() { 
        super("my special throwable", null, false, false);
    }
}

其他回答

我已经扩展了@Mecki和@incarnate给出的答案,没有为Java填充stacktrace。

在Java 7+中,我们可以使用Throwable(String message, Throwable cause, boolean enableSuppression,boolean writableStackTrace)。但是对于Java6,请参阅我对这个问题的回答

// This one will regularly throw one
public void method4(int i) throws NoStackTraceThrowable {
    value = ((value + i) / i) << 1;
    // i & 1 is equally fast to calculate as i & 0xFFFFFFF; it is both
    // an AND operation between two integers. The size of the number plays
    // no role. AND on 32 BIT always ANDs all 32 bits
    if ((i & 0x1) == 1) {
        throw new NoStackTraceThrowable();
    }
}

// This one will regularly throw one
public void method5(int i) throws NoStackTraceRuntimeException {
    value = ((value + i) / i) << 1;
    // i & 1 is equally fast to calculate as i & 0xFFFFFFF; it is both
    // an AND operation between two integers. The size of the number plays
    // no role. AND on 32 BIT always ANDs all 32 bits
    if ((i & 0x1) == 1) {
        throw new NoStackTraceRuntimeException();
    }
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    int i;
    long l;
    Test t = new Test();

    l = System.currentTimeMillis();
    t.reset();
    for (i = 1; i < 100000000; i++) {
        try {
            t.method4(i);
        } catch (NoStackTraceThrowable e) {
            // Do nothing here, as we will get here
        }
    }
    l = System.currentTimeMillis() - l;
    System.out.println( "method4 took " + l + " ms, result was " + t.getValue() );


    l = System.currentTimeMillis();
    t.reset();
    for (i = 1; i < 100000000; i++) {
        try {
            t.method5(i);
        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
            // Do nothing here, as we will get here
        }
    }
    l = System.currentTimeMillis() - l;
    System.out.println( "method5 took " + l + " ms, result was " + t.getValue() );
}

输出与Java 1.6.0_45,在Core i7, 8GB RAM:

method1 took 883 ms, result was 2
method2 took 882 ms, result was 2
method3 took 32270 ms, result was 2 // throws Exception
method4 took 8114 ms, result was 2 // throws NoStackTraceThrowable
method5 took 8086 ms, result was 2 // throws NoStackTraceRuntimeException

因此,返回值的方法仍然比引发异常的方法更快。恕我直言,我们不能仅仅为成功流和错误流使用返回类型来设计一个清晰的API。在没有stacktrace的情况下抛出异常的方法比普通异常快4-5倍。

谢谢@Greg

public class NoStackTraceThrowable extends Throwable { 
    public NoStackTraceThrowable() { 
        super("my special throwable", null, false, false);
    }
}

比较一下,假设是Integer。将parseInt转换为以下方法,该方法在不可解析数据的情况下只返回默认值,而不会抛出异常:

  public static int parseUnsignedInt(String s, int defaultValue) {
    final int strLength = s.length();
    if (strLength == 0)
      return defaultValue;
    int value = 0;
    for (int i=strLength-1; i>=0; i--) {
      int c = s.charAt(i);
      if (c > 47 && c < 58) {
        c -= 48;
        for (int j=strLength-i; j!=1; j--)
          c *= 10;
        value += c;
      } else {
        return defaultValue;
      }
    }
    return value < 0 ? /* übergebener wert > Integer.MAX_VALUE? */ defaultValue : value;
  }

只要您将这两种方法应用于“有效”数据,它们将以大致相同的速率工作(即使Integer。parseInt设法处理更复杂的数据)。但是当您试图解析无效数据时(例如解析“abc”1.000.000次),性能上的差异应该是至关重要的。

为什么异常回报率会比正常回报率慢呢?

只要不将堆栈跟踪输出到终端,将其保存到一个文件或类似的文件中,catch块就不会比其他代码块做更多的工作。所以,我无法想象为什么“throw new my_cool_error()”应该这么慢。

好问题,我期待关于这个话题的进一步信息!

即使抛出异常并不慢,对于正常的程序流抛出异常仍然是一个坏主意。使用这种方式,它是类似于GOTO…

我想这并没有真正回答问题。我想抛出异常的“传统”智慧在早期的java版本(< 1.4)中是正确的。创建异常需要虚拟机创建整个堆栈跟踪。从那时起,在VM中发生了很多变化,以加快速度,这可能是已经改进的一个领域。

我认为第一篇文章提到遍历调用堆栈和创建堆栈跟踪是最昂贵的部分,虽然第二篇文章没有这样说,但我认为这是对象创建中最昂贵的部分。John Rose在一篇文章中描述了加速异常的不同技术。(预分配和重用异常,没有堆栈跟踪的异常,等等)

但我仍然认为这应该被认为是一种必要的邪恶,一种最后的手段。John这样做的原因是为了模拟JVM中(还)没有的其他语言的特性。你不应该养成对控制流使用异常的习惯。尤其是因为性能原因!正如您自己在第2条中提到的,这样做可能会掩盖代码中的严重错误,而且对于新程序员来说,维护起来会更加困难。

Java中的微基准测试出奇地难以正确(有人告诉过我),特别是在进入JIT领域时,因此我真的怀疑在现实生活中使用异常是否比“返回”更快。例如,我怀疑您在测试中有2到5个堆栈帧?现在假设您的代码将由JBoss部署的JSF组件调用。现在您可能有一个数页长的堆栈跟踪。

也许您可以发布您的测试代码?