我想这样调用myscript文件:
$ ./myscript -s 45 -p any_string
or
$ ./myscript -h #should display help
$ ./myscript #should display help
我的要求是:
Getopt在这里获取输入参数 检查-s是否存在，如果不存在则返回错误 检查-s后面的值是否为45或90 检查-p是否存在并且后面有一个输入字符串 如果用户输入。/myscript -h或。/myscript，则显示帮助
我尝试了到目前为止这段代码:
#!/bin/bash
while getopts "h:s:" arg; do
case $arg in
h)
echo "usage"
;;
s)
strength=$OPTARG
echo $strength
;;
esac
done
但是使用这些代码，我会得到错误。怎么和巴斯一起去?
当前回答
用getopt打包的例子(我的发行版把它放在/usr/share/getopt/getopt-parse.bash中)看起来涵盖了所有的情况:
#!/bin/bash
# A small example program for using the new getopt(1) program.
# This program will only work with bash(1)
# An similar program using the tcsh(1) script language can be found
# as parse.tcsh
# Example input and output (from the bash prompt):
# ./parse.bash -a par1 'another arg' --c-long 'wow!*\?' -cmore -b " very long "
# Option a
# Option c, no argument
# Option c, argument 'more'
# Option b, argument ' very long '
# Remaining arguments:
# --> 'par1'
# --> 'another arg'
# --> 'wow!*\?'
# Note that we use `"$@"' to let each command-line parameter expand to a
# separate word. The quotes around '$@' are essential!
# We need TEMP as the `eval set --' would nuke the return value of getopt.
TEMP=$(getopt -o ab:c:: --long a-long,b-long:,c-long:: \
-n 'example.bash' -- "$@")
if [ $? != 0 ] ; then echo "Terminating..." >&2 ; exit 1 ; fi
# Note the quotes around '$TEMP': they are essential!
eval set -- "$TEMP"
while true ; do
case "$1" in
-a|--a-long) echo "Option a" ; shift ;;
-b|--b-long) echo "Option b, argument '$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
-c|--c-long)
# c has an optional argument. As we are in quoted mode,
# an empty parameter will be generated if its optional
# argument is not found.
case "$2" in
"") echo "Option c, no argument"; shift 2 ;;
*) echo "Option c, argument '$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
esac ;;
--) shift ; break ;;
*) echo "Internal error!" ; exit 1 ;;
esac
done
echo "Remaining arguments:"
for arg do echo '--> '"'$arg'" ; done
其他回答
用getopt打包的例子(我的发行版把它放在/usr/share/getopt/getopt-parse.bash中)看起来涵盖了所有的情况:
#!/bin/bash
# A small example program for using the new getopt(1) program.
# This program will only work with bash(1)
# An similar program using the tcsh(1) script language can be found
# as parse.tcsh
# Example input and output (from the bash prompt):
# ./parse.bash -a par1 'another arg' --c-long 'wow!*\?' -cmore -b " very long "
# Option a
# Option c, no argument
# Option c, argument 'more'
# Option b, argument ' very long '
# Remaining arguments:
# --> 'par1'
# --> 'another arg'
# --> 'wow!*\?'
# Note that we use `"$@"' to let each command-line parameter expand to a
# separate word. The quotes around '$@' are essential!
# We need TEMP as the `eval set --' would nuke the return value of getopt.
TEMP=$(getopt -o ab:c:: --long a-long,b-long:,c-long:: \
-n 'example.bash' -- "$@")
if [ $? != 0 ] ; then echo "Terminating..." >&2 ; exit 1 ; fi
# Note the quotes around '$TEMP': they are essential!
eval set -- "$TEMP"
while true ; do
case "$1" in
-a|--a-long) echo "Option a" ; shift ;;
-b|--b-long) echo "Option b, argument '$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
-c|--c-long)
# c has an optional argument. As we are in quoted mode,
# an empty parameter will be generated if its optional
# argument is not found.
case "$2" in
"") echo "Option c, no argument"; shift 2 ;;
*) echo "Option c, argument '$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
esac ;;
--) shift ; break ;;
*) echo "Internal error!" ; exit 1 ;;
esac
done
echo "Remaining arguments:"
for arg do echo '--> '"'$arg'" ; done
#!/bin/bash
usage() { echo "Usage: $0 [-s <45|90>] [-p <string>]" 1>&2; exit 1; }
while getopts ":s:p:" o; do
case "${o}" in
s)
s=${OPTARG}
((s == 45 || s == 90)) || usage
;;
p)
p=${OPTARG}
;;
*)
usage
;;
esac
done
shift $((OPTIND-1))
if [ -z "${s}" ] || [ -z "${p}" ]; then
usage
fi
echo "s = ${s}"
echo "p = ${p}"
示例运行:
$ ./myscript.sh
Usage: ./myscript.sh [-s <45|90>] [-p <string>]
$ ./myscript.sh -h
Usage: ./myscript.sh [-s <45|90>] [-p <string>]
$ ./myscript.sh -s "" -p ""
Usage: ./myscript.sh [-s <45|90>] [-p <string>]
$ ./myscript.sh -s 10 -p foo
Usage: ./myscript.sh [-s <45|90>] [-p <string>]
$ ./myscript.sh -s 45 -p foo
s = 45
p = foo
$ ./myscript.sh -s 90 -p bar
s = 90
p = bar
我知道这个问题已经有答案了，但是为了记录，为了任何和我有同样要求的人，我决定张贴这个相关的答案。代码中充满了解释代码的注释。
答:更新
将文件保存为getop .sh:
#!/bin/bash
function get_variable_name_for_option {
local OPT_DESC=${1}
local OPTION=${2}
local VAR=$(echo ${OPT_DESC} | sed -e "s/.*\[\?-${OPTION} \([A-Z_]\+\).*/\1/g" -e "s/.*\[\?-\(${OPTION}\).*/\1FLAG/g")
if [[ "${VAR}" == "${1}" ]]; then
echo ""
else
echo ${VAR}
fi
}
function parse_options {
local OPT_DESC=${1}
local INPUT=$(get_input_for_getopts "${OPT_DESC}")
shift
while getopts ${INPUT} OPTION ${@};
do
[ ${OPTION} == "?" ] && usage
VARNAME=$(get_variable_name_for_option "${OPT_DESC}" "${OPTION}")
[ "${VARNAME}" != "" ] && eval "${VARNAME}=${OPTARG:-true}" # && printf "\t%s\n" "* Declaring ${VARNAME}=${!VARNAME} -- OPTIONS='$OPTION'"
done
check_for_required "${OPT_DESC}"
}
function check_for_required {
local OPT_DESC=${1}
local REQUIRED=$(get_required "${OPT_DESC}" | sed -e "s/\://g")
while test -n "${REQUIRED}"; do
OPTION=${REQUIRED:0:1}
VARNAME=$(get_variable_name_for_option "${OPT_DESC}" "${OPTION}")
[ -z "${!VARNAME}" ] && printf "ERROR: %s\n" "Option -${OPTION} must been set." && usage
REQUIRED=${REQUIRED:1}
done
}
function get_input_for_getopts {
local OPT_DESC=${1}
echo ${OPT_DESC} | sed -e "s/\([a-zA-Z]\) [A-Z_]\+/\1:/g" -e "s/[][ -]//g"
}
function get_optional {
local OPT_DESC=${1}
echo ${OPT_DESC} | sed -e "s/[^[]*\(\[[^]]*\]\)[^[]*/\1/g" -e "s/\([a-zA-Z]\) [A-Z_]\+/\1:/g" -e "s/[][ -]//g"
}
function get_required {
local OPT_DESC=${1}
echo ${OPT_DESC} | sed -e "s/\([a-zA-Z]\) [A-Z_]\+/\1:/g" -e "s/\[[^[]*\]//g" -e "s/[][ -]//g"
}
function usage {
printf "Usage:\n\t%s\n" "${0} ${OPT_DESC}"
exit 10
}
然后你可以这样使用它:
#!/bin/bash
#
# [ and ] defines optional arguments
#
# location to getopts.sh file
source ./getopt.sh
USAGE="-u USER -d DATABASE -p PASS -s SID [ -a START_DATE_TIME ]"
parse_options "${USAGE}" ${@}
echo ${USER}
echo ${START_DATE_TIME}
旧的回答:
最近我需要使用一种通用方法。我想到了这个解决方案:
#!/bin/bash
# Option Description:
# -------------------
#
# Option description is based on getopts bash builtin. The description adds a variable name feature to be used
# on future checks for required or optional values.
# The option description adds "=>VARIABLE_NAME" string. Variable name should be UPPERCASE. Valid characters
# are [A-Z_]*.
#
# A option description example:
# OPT_DESC="a:=>A_VARIABLE|b:=>B_VARIABLE|c=>C_VARIABLE"
#
# -a option will require a value (the colon means that) and should be saved in variable A_VARIABLE.
# "|" is used to separate options description.
# -b option rule applies the same as -a.
# -c option doesn't require a value (the colon absense means that) and its existence should be set in C_VARIABLE
#
# ~$ echo get_options ${OPT_DESC}
# a:b:c
# ~$
#
# Required options
REQUIRED_DESC="a:=>REQ_A_VAR_VALUE|B:=>REQ_B_VAR_VALUE|c=>REQ_C_VAR_FLAG"
# Optional options (duh)
OPTIONAL_DESC="P:=>OPT_P_VAR_VALUE|r=>OPT_R_VAR_FLAG"
function usage {
IFS="|"
printf "%s" ${0}
for i in ${REQUIRED_DESC};
do
VARNAME=$(echo $i | sed -e "s/.*=>//g")
printf " %s" "-${i:0:1} $VARNAME"
done
for i in ${OPTIONAL_DESC};
do
VARNAME=$(echo $i | sed -e "s/.*=>//g")
printf " %s" "[-${i:0:1} $VARNAME]"
done
printf "\n"
unset IFS
exit
}
# Auxiliary function that returns options characters to be passed
# into 'getopts' from a option description.
# Arguments:
# $1: The options description (SEE TOP)
#
# Example:
# OPT_DESC="h:=>H_VAR|f:=>F_VAR|P=>P_VAR|W=>W_VAR"
# OPTIONS=$(get_options ${OPT_DESC})
# echo "${OPTIONS}"
#
# Output:
# "h:f:PW"
function get_options {
echo ${1} | sed -e "s/\([a-zA-Z]\:\?\)=>[A-Z_]*|\?/\1/g"
}
# Auxiliary function that returns all variable names separated by '|'
# Arguments:
# $1: The options description (SEE TOP)
#
# Example:
# OPT_DESC="h:=>H_VAR|f:=>F_VAR|P=>P_VAR|W=>W_VAR"
# VARNAMES=$(get_values ${OPT_DESC})
# echo "${VARNAMES}"
#
# Output:
# "H_VAR|F_VAR|P_VAR|W_VAR"
function get_variables {
echo ${1} | sed -e "s/[a-zA-Z]\:\?=>\([^|]*\)/\1/g"
}
# Auxiliary function that returns the variable name based on the
# option passed by.
# Arguments:
# $1: The options description (SEE TOP)
# $2: The option which the variable name wants to be retrieved
#
# Example:
# OPT_DESC="h:=>H_VAR|f:=>F_VAR|P=>P_VAR|W=>W_VAR"
# H_VAR=$(get_variable_name ${OPT_DESC} "h")
# echo "${H_VAR}"
#
# Output:
# "H_VAR"
function get_variable_name {
VAR=$(echo ${1} | sed -e "s/.*${2}\:\?=>\([^|]*\).*/\1/g")
if [[ ${VAR} == ${1} ]]; then
echo ""
else
echo ${VAR}
fi
}
# Gets the required options from the required description
REQUIRED=$(get_options ${REQUIRED_DESC})
# Gets the optional options (duh) from the optional description
OPTIONAL=$(get_options ${OPTIONAL_DESC})
# or... $(get_options "${OPTIONAL_DESC}|${REQUIRED_DESC}")
# The colon at starts instructs getopts to remain silent
while getopts ":${REQUIRED}${OPTIONAL}" OPTION
do
[[ ${OPTION} == ":" ]] && usage
VAR=$(get_variable_name "${REQUIRED_DESC}|${OPTIONAL_DESC}" ${OPTION})
[[ -n ${VAR} ]] && eval "$VAR=${OPTARG}"
done
shift $(($OPTIND - 1))
# Checks for required options. Report an error and exits if
# required options are missing.
# Using function version ...
VARS=$(get_variables ${REQUIRED_DESC})
IFS="|"
for VARNAME in $VARS;
do
[[ -v ${VARNAME} ]] || usage
done
unset IFS
# ... or using IFS Version (no function)
OLDIFS=${IFS}
IFS="|"
for i in ${REQUIRED_DESC};
do
VARNAME=$(echo $i | sed -e "s/.*=>//g")
[[ -v ${VARNAME} ]] || usage
printf "%s %s %s\n" "-${i:0:1}" "${!VARNAME:=present}" "${VARNAME}"
done
IFS=${OLDIFS}
我没有粗略地测试这个，所以我可能会有一些bug。
原始代码的问题是:
H:在不应该的地方期望参数，因此将其更改为H(不带冒号) 要使用-p any_string，需要将p:添加到参数列表中
基本上:在选项后面意味着它需要参数。
getopts的基本语法是(参见:man bash):
getopts OPTSTRING VARNAME [ARGS...]
地点:
OPTSTRING is string with list of expected arguments, h - check for option -h without parameters; gives error on unsupported options; h: - check for option -h with parameter; gives errors on unsupported options; abc - check for options -a, -b, -c; gives errors on unsupported options; :abc - check for options -a, -b, -c; silences errors on unsupported options; Notes: In other words, colon in front of options allows you handle the errors in your code. Variable will contain ? in the case of unsupported option, : in the case of missing value. OPTARG - is set to current argument value, OPTERR - indicates if Bash should display error messages.
所以代码可以是:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
usage() { echo "$0 usage:" && grep " .)\ #" $0; exit 0; }
[ $# -eq 0 ] && usage
while getopts ":hs:p:" arg; do
case $arg in
p) # Specify p value.
echo "p is ${OPTARG}"
;;
s) # Specify strength, either 45 or 90.
strength=${OPTARG}
[ $strength -eq 45 -o $strength -eq 90 ] \
&& echo "Strength is $strength." \
|| echo "Strength needs to be either 45 or 90, $strength found instead."
;;
h | *) # Display help.
usage
exit 0
;;
esac
done
使用示例:
$ ./foo.sh
./foo.sh usage:
p) # Specify p value.
s) # Specify strength, either 45 or 90.
h | *) # Display help.
$ ./foo.sh -s 123 -p any_string
Strength needs to be either 45 or 90, 123 found instead.
p is any_string
$ ./foo.sh -s 90 -p any_string
Strength is 90.
p is any_string
参见:Bash Hackers Wiki上的小getopts教程
POSIX 7示例
同样值得检查标准中的示例:http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/getopts.html
aflag=
bflag=
while getopts ab: name
do
case $name in
a) aflag=1;;
b) bflag=1
bval="$OPTARG";;
?) printf "Usage: %s: [-a] [-b value] args\n" $0
exit 2;;
esac
done
if [ ! -z "$aflag" ]; then
printf "Option -a specified\n"
fi
if [ ! -z "$bflag" ]; then
printf 'Option -b "%s" specified\n' "$bval"
fi
shift $(($OPTIND - 1))
printf "Remaining arguments are: %s\n" "$*"
然后我们可以试一下:
$ sh a.sh
Remaining arguments are:
$ sh a.sh -a
Option -a specified
Remaining arguments are:
$ sh a.sh -b
No arg for -b option
Usage: a.sh: [-a] [-b value] args
$ sh a.sh -b myval
Option -b "myval" specified
Remaining arguments are:
$ sh a.sh -a -b myval
Option -a specified
Option -b "myval" specified
Remaining arguments are:
$ sh a.sh remain
Remaining arguments are: remain
$ sh a.sh -- -a remain
Remaining arguments are: -a remain
在Ubuntu 17.10中测试，sh是dash 0.5.8。
